LUOMUS

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Lutukan vuosikerrat 2011–

Vuosikerran 39 sisältö (2023)

Numero 2/2023          LUE KOKO LEHTI

UOTILA, P.
Kasvisto ja kasvien nimet muuttuvat yhä, s. 70   pdf

ISSAKAINEN, J. & PIHLAJA, K.
Misteli Suomessa. Kuva tarkentuu, s. 71–96   pdf
Mistletoe in Finland, an update on distribution and ecology

LAHTI, T.
Näytekuvia Kastikkaan, s. 97–100   pdf
Images of herbarium sheets combined with previously digitized label data

LAMPINEN, R. & LAHTI, T.
Havaintopaikat metrilleen puhelinsovelluksella, s. 100–101   pdf
Recording plant occurrences with higher accuracy

KÄMÄRÄINEN, H.
Kasvihavaintoja. Valkoisia kukkia myös lettokirkiruoholla, s. 102–105   pdf
Floristic notes

VÄRE, H. & KAIPIAINEN-VÄRE, H.
Jehkas-tuntureiden kasvit, s. 106–130 (pdf 2 osassa kokorajoituksen, 5Mb, takia)   pdf1   pdf2
The flora of Mts. Jehkas in Enontekiö, northwesternmost Finnish Lapland

KURTTO, A., LAMPINEN, R., PIIRAINEN, M. & UOTILA, P. 
Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo. Lisäyksiä ja muutoksia perusteluineen 4, s.131–152   pdf
Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Annotated additions and changes, no.4

Numero 1/2023          LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Kasviston seurantaa tarvitaan, s. 2

RANTA, Y., MÄKINEN, A., LAMPINEN, R. & ALÉN, H.
Pälkäneen kasvisto, s. 3–22  pdf
The vascular plant flora of the western part of Pälkäne Municipality (South Finland)

KURTTO, A.
Kirjallisuutta. Norjan kasvio, s. 23–27  pdf

LAHTI, T., LAMPINEN, R., HALLMAN, J., KIVINIEMI, A., KULJU, H., NURMI, J. & SAARINEN, K.
Jotakin vanhaa, jotakin uutta. Kasviatlaksen toistoruudut kesinä 2018–2022, s. 28–50  pdf
Re-surveying Finnish atlas squares in 2018–2022

SAARINEN, K.
Vanhoille atlasruuduille Ruokolahdella – missä kasvit luuraavat? s. 51–56  pdf
Re-surveying atlas grid squares in Ruokolahti, SE Finland. Where are all the common weeds and sedges?

SAARINEN, K.
Jättipalsameja soolotalkoilla, s. 57–67  pdf
Eradicating the Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera in a moist grove in Lappeenranta, SE Finland


 

Vuosikerran 38 sisältö (2022)

Numero 2/2022    LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Sähköisen Lutukan alkutaipaleelta, s. 86

KUNTTU, P. & KUNTTU, S.-M.
Hauruvalleilla muhii omaleimainen kasvisto,  s. 87–97  pdf
Records of vascular plants on Fucus-dominated drift lines in SW Finland

LAHTI, T. & RAINO LAMPINEN, R.
Kastikan kuusi vuosikymmentä, s. 98–111  pdf
Sixty years of the national floristic database in Finland

LAHTI, T.
Muutoksen mittareista, s. 112–113  pdf
On the measures of change

VÄRE, H.
Kasvihavaintoja. Tunturien tulokkaita, s. 114–116  pdf
Floristic notes

KURTTO, A., LAMPINEN, R., PIIRAINEN, M. & UOTILA, P.
Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo. Lisäyksiä ja muutoksia perusteluineen 3, s. 117–144  pdf
Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Annotated additions and changes 3

Numero 1/2022    LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Kasviatlas uudessa vaiheessa, s. 2

SAARINEN, K.
Aavekämmeköitä kalkitsemassa,  s. 3–13  pdf
The Ghost Orchid’s response to lime treatments in a nature conservation area

SAARINEN, K.
Neidonvaipat Vaivaistalovuorella, s. 14–19  pdf
Epipactis atrorubens increasing on a stony hill in Lappeenranta, SE Finland

RYTTÄRI, T.,  AHOLA, A., NIELSEN, J. & VÄRE, H.
Mutayrttikasveja ja muita rantojen pieniä kärsijöitä etsitään! s. 20–29  pdf
Observations wanted: Limosella aquatica -type vegetation

LAHTI, T. & LAMPINEN, R.
Kasviatlas kaipaa tekijöitä, s. 30–37  pdf
Atlas of the vascular flora of Finland: a review

LAHTI, T. & LAMPINEN, R.
Kasviatlaksen kolmas ulottuvuus, s. 38–46  pdf
The third dimension of the Atlas data

LAHTI, T. & LAMPINEN, R.
Muutosta Kasviatlaksen kartoilla, s. 47–55  pdf
Mapping changes in the Atlas data

ISSAKAINEN, J., TOLONEN, J. & LEHTONEN, S..
Kiehkuravesirutto, Suomelle uusi vieraslaji, s. 56–75  pdf
First confirmed records of Elodea nuttallii in Finland

KURTTO, A. & HELYNRANTA, L.
Kevään juhlaa, puistokäenrieska ja etelänkiurunkannus,  s. 76–83  pdf
Two rare species of the wild spring aspect of the Finnish Flora

 Vuosikerran 37 sisältö (2021)

Numero 2/2021    LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Muutoksia kasvistossa ja nimistössä, s. 58

UOTILA, P.
Suomen ketunlieot – kaksi alalajia vai viisi lajia? s. 59–69  pdf
The genus Huperzia (Lycopodiaceae) in Finland – 2 subspecies or 5 species?

JÄRVINEN, V. & ARKKIO, H.
Liuskaläätteen Suomen ainoa kasvupaikka hävinnyt? s. 70–71  pdf
Serratula tinctoria extinct in Finland?

KIVINIEMI, A.
Uusimmat kasvi-ihmeet vanhan Savonradan pohjalla Kouvolassa, s. 72–77  pdf
Seseli krylovii as a new alien in Finland

LAMPINEN, J.
Hietalaukka Turussa, s. 78–83  pdf
Allium vineale found in Turku, southwestern Finland

RAUTIAINEN, V.-P.
Hanhenputki Kökarissa, s. 84–87  pdf
Berula erecta new to Finland

SALO, V.
Haitaksi villiytyviä? Pikkutalvio, kaukasianmaksaruoho ja keltapeippi, s. 88–91  pdf
Cover plants as invasive garden escapes

KUNTTU, P., MUSSAARI, M. & RYTTÄRI, T.
Kauriiden vaikutus luonnonkasveihin. Mitä tiedetään? s. 92–112  pdf
The effects of deer on wild plants – a literature review and a citizen survey

KURTTO, A., LAMPINEN, R., PIIRAINEN, M. & UOTILA, P.
Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo. Lisäyksiä ja muutoksia perusteluineen 2  s. 113–134  pdf
Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Annotated additions and changes 2


 

Numero 1/2021    LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Vieraslajeja minunkin takapihallani, s. 2

KIVINIEMI, A.
Mattosara, Suomelle uusi kasvi Kuusankoskelta (EH), s. 3–12, pdf
Carex brizoides new to Finland

KUNTTU, P. & KUNTTU, S.-M.
Kurtturuusu Saaristomeren kansallispuistossa ja sen lähialueilla, s. 14–23, pdf
The invasive alien Rosa rugosa in Archipelago Sea National Park, southwestern Finland

PELTOLA, A.
Kurtturuusu Espoon rannoilla ja siementen elinkelpoisuus, s. 24–31, pdf
Rosa rugosa as an invasive alien along the seashores at Espoo, S Finland

SAARINEN, K., JANTUNEN, J. & REPO, S.
Harjuajuruoho, karvaanpuoleisia kokemuksia istuttamisesta, s. 32–41, pdf
Reintroducing thyme to restored open glaciofluvial ridges in Taipalsaari, southeastern Finland

AHOKAS, H.
Vieraslajikauriit, voimakas kasvillisuuden valintatekijä, s. 42–46, pdf
Dense populations of the imported deer species threaten balance of vegetation

KURTTO, A. & HELYNRANTA, L.
Alaskanlupiini Pudasjärven Syötekylässä ja muuallakin, s. 48–55, pdf
Lupinus nootkatensis as a potentially invasive plant species in Finland

Vuosikerran 36 sisältö (2020)

Numero 2/2020    LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Talvi tulee – tai sitten ei,  s. 52

METSÄRANTA, N. & LAMPINEN, J.
Vesisulka uusi putkilokasvi Suomessa, s. 53–56, lataa pdf
Hottonia palustris L. – a new vascular plant for Finland

HÆGGSTRÖM, C.-A.
Tulisuolaheinä Ahvenanmaalla, s. 57–61, lataa pdf
Recent spreading of Rumex thyrsiflorus in the Åland Islands, southwestern Finland

KUNTTU, P. & RYTTÄRI, T.
Havaintoja kauriiden vaikutuksista luonnonkasveihin kaivataan, s. 6263, lataa pdf

LAMPINEN, J.
Kevätsaran kuulumisia, s. 6473, lataa pdf
Recent findings concerning the ecology and conservation status of Carex caryophyllea in Finland

VÄRE, H. & KAIPIAINEN-VÄRE, H.
Mallan alueen kasvit ja kasvillisuus, s. 74–123, pdf saa pyytäessä toimitukselta
The flora and vegetation of Malla area in Enontekiö, far northwest of Finnish Lapland

Numero 1/2020    LUE KOKO LEHTI

PIIRAINEN, M.
Sähköisen Lutukan ensiaskelet, s. 2

LINDBERG, H., HEINÄNEN, T., HÄKKINEN, I. & LUNDÉN, H.
Kymmenen vuotta Evon kangasvuokkojen hoitoa, s. 3–9, lataa pdf
Ten years of management of Pulsatilla vernalis in Hämeenlinna, Evo, S Finland

SAARINEN, K. & SAARINEN, K.
Kamppailu lupiinin kanssa ketosuorasta, s. 10–16, lataa pdf
Battle against the Garden Lupin in a dry road-verge meadow in Joutseno, SE Finland

VÄRE, H. & KAIPIAINEN-VÄRE, H.
Haltin ja Ridnin ylhiötuntureiden kasvit, s. 17–27, lataa pdf
The flora of Mt. Halti and neighbouring fells in Enontekiö, far-northwestern Finnish Lapland

Kasvihavaintoja, s. 28–31, lataa pdf
Floristic notes

  • KETTUNEN, T.: Uusi kirkiruohomuunnos, valkokirkiruoho, s. 28
  • JÄKÄLÄNIEMI, A.: Mustasara säilynyt sittenkin Kuusamon Mäntyniemessä (Ks), s. 28–29
  • WINBERG, L.: Rantavuonankaali Helsingissä (U), s. 29-31

UOTILA, P.
Juha Suominen ja Lutukka, s. 32, lataa pdf

KURTTO, A., LAMPINEN, R., PIIRAINEN, M. & UOTILA, P.
Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo.
Lisäyksiä ja muutoksia perusteluineen 1
, s. 33-48, lataa pdf
Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Annotated additions and changes 1.


Vuosikerran 35 sisältö (2019)

Numero 4/2019
  • Piirainen, M.: Painetun Lutukan 35 vuotta, s. 98
  • Ulvinen, T.: Nojosenvaarankuru – kasviaarre Länsi-Kuusamossa, s. 99–112
  • Kiviniemi, A. & Kouvo, M.: Paluu Kotkan Hallaan – vain muutos on pysyvää, s. 113–122
  • Kääntönen, M. & Kumpulainen, T.: Lännenpalsamia Pyhäjärven alueella Tampereen seudulla, s. 123–125

Kirjallisuutta

Kasvihavaintoja

  • Winberg, L.: Tupsulinnunruoho Kotkan Hallassa (EK), s. 127

Summaries (in English)

Ulvinen, T. 2019: Nojosenvaarankuru – kasviaarre Länsi-Kuusamossa. – Lutukka 35(4): 99–112.

Nojosenvaarankuru – a plant treasure in Kuusamo, northeastern Finland

A very rich flora of vascular plants, mosses and hepatics was found on calcareous rocks, peatlands and forests in a small gorge Nojosenvaarankuru in the western part of Kuusamo parish (biogeographical province of Regio kuusamoënsis). The most remarkable find was a rich colony of Carex atrata, a fell plant, which has been noticed earlier in Kuusamo only in one nearby area, together with the hybrid with Carex media. The closely related Carex norvegica and its hybrid with Carex atrata are also discussed. Other northern calciphilous vascular plants include Saxifraga aizoides and Woodsia glabella. The hybrid Gymnocarpium continentale × dryopteris (G. ×intermedium) was found in the gorge, while G. continentale and G. robertianum were collected in the neighbourhood. A still richer area of this flora is in Oulanka National Park close to the eastern border of Finland. Nojosenvaarankuru is the southernmost locality for several other plants in Finland, e.g., Bartsia alpina and Astragalus frigidus. Furthermore Calypso bulbosa and Cypripedium calceolus were found close to the area.

The calciphilous moss flora included Campylophyllum halleri, Hypnum recurvatum, Mnium thomsonii, Orthothecium strictum, Platydictya jungermannioides, Hymenostylium recurvirostre, Pseudoleskeella tectorum and Seligeria diversifolia, among others. Ptychostomum longisetum was very sparse. Of hepatics Scapania aequiloba and Cephaloziella varians were collected for the first time in the province. Of other species, e.g., Odontoschisma macounii, Schistochilopsis grandiretis, Scapania gymnostomophila, Mesoptychia collaris and Mesoptychia bantriensis are worth mentioning.


Kiviniemi, A. & Kouvo, M. 2019: Paluu Kotkan Hallaan – vain muutos on pysyvää. – Lutukka 35(4): 113–122.

Halla revisited – excursions to the island in 2018–2019

The rich alien flora on the island of Halla in Kotka, SE Finland (South Karelia) was described in a previous article (Kiviniemi & Kouvo 2018), where a total of 314 taxa were listed. Floristic studies on the island continued in 2018 and 2019. Storage of imported timber of mainly Estonian origin has significantly increased since June 2018, and most of the area is covered by huge stacks by September. In early 2019, the remaining buildings of the former power station were demolished. Changes in the environment on Halla island have been frequent during the last 200 years. Loading and unloading of large timber stacks will destroy much of the vegetation but new open ground is exposed at the same time for new plants to grow.

Regardless of all the upheaval in the environment on Halla, a few excursions could be carried out in 2018–19. Additional information was received from other botanists, local newspapers and radio programs.

Several interesting new taxa were found in the early summer of 2018, e.g. Carex rhynchophysa, Geum aleppicum, Alchemilla sarmatica, Alchemilla propinqua, Valerianella locusta, Veronica spicata, Holcus lanatus and Polygala comosa (for the latter, see Winberg 2019). In early September, the storage areas were already full and the only free route took in the west part of the island, where Asparagus officinalis, Persicaria maculosa and Medicago lupulina var. lupulina may have been brought in ballast more than one hundred years ago.

A visit made on 13 August 2019 presented a very different situation: the large timber stacks had disappeared and were replaced by almost plantless open fields. Many annuals were flourishing, including e.g., Solanum lycopersicon and S. nigrum. Some of the perennials seemed to have survived, e.g., young rosettes of Pimpinella major could be seen, and Astragalus glycyphyllos had even increased. Surprisingly, also Epipactis helleborine was found in the area, though the species is otherwise very rare in this part of SE Finland. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. baltica had been found already in 2017, and also this species had survived protected in a sheltered corner of the otherwise heavily disturbed area.


Kääntönen, M. & Kumpulainen, T. 2019: Lännenpalsamia Pyhäjärven alueella Tampereen seudulla. . – Lutukka 35(4): 123–125.

Impatiens capensis in the surroundings of Lake Pyhäjärvi, Tampere, S Finland

Impatiens capensis is reported from several places along the shores of Lake Pyhäjärvi at Tampere and Nokia, S Finland (the biogeographical province of South Häme) in 2018–2019. The origin of these populations may be the lakeshore population in Hatanpää Arboretum at Tampere. The colonies along a path through a luxuriant forest at Rahola, Tampere, are regarded as originally cultivated. The species is probably spreading by means of its floating seeds along lakesides and watercourses in the area. This kind of dispersal was shown, e.g., in Lake Lohjanjärvi and suroundings, SW Finland, where the species invaded a wide area along lakeshores and rivers after it was intentionally sown in a limited brook-side habitat.

The species has also been found recently elsewhere in Finland and it is regarded as an invasive alien.


Books — Lutukka 35(4): 126.

  • Arto Kurtto, Raino Lampinen, Mikko Piirainen & Pertti Uotila 2019: Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo. — Juha Suominen

Floristic note — Lutukka 35(4): 127.

  • Polygala comosa is reported from the island of Halla in Kotka, SE Finland (South Karelia). Only one specimen was found in a storage field filled with imported timber mainly of Estonian origin. The species is very rare in Finland, known only from a limited area in the Aland Islands. The only earlier record on the mainland was made in 1904 in Espoo (Uusimaa), where the species was found as a casual alien. — Lars Winberg


Numero 3/2019
  • Piirainen, M.: Lutukka muuttuu ilmaiseksi ja sähköistyy, s. 66
  • Ryttäri, T.: Lupiinisota Mäkiluodossa, s. 6771
  • KurttoA., Lampinen, R., Piirainen, M. & Uotila, P.: Uusi luettelo Suomen putkilokasveista, s.72
  • Piirainen, M.: Suomen karhunköynnöksistä, s.73–76
  • Kunttu, P.:Taalintehtaan suomukan nykytila ja suojelun tarve, s. 77–78
  • Kunttu, P.:Vuorimunkilla vahva kanta Taalintehtaalla – suojelu ja hoito silti ajankohtaista, s. 79–82
  • Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L.: Taigan taikaa – myyränporras Jyväskylän Korpilahdella ja muualla, 83–91

Kasvihavaintoja

  • Kurtto, A.: Mäkikuisma ja punasolmukki Pelkosenniemellä (SoL), s. 92–93
  • Kunttu, P. & Kunttu, S.-M.: Meriotakilokilla uusi kasvupaikka Korppoossa (V), s. 93–95
  • Kurtto, A.: Erikoisia kissankelloja Hollolassa (EH), s. 95

Summaries (in English)

Ryttäri, T. 2019: Lupiinisota Mäkiluodossa. – Lutukka 35(3): 67–71.

A war against Garden Lupin on an island of the Gulf of Finland

Garden Lupin, Lupinus polyphyllus, is one of the most harmful invasive alien species in Finland. It occupies readily many kinds of open habitats such as meadows and road verges, and is thus a threat to several vascular plant species. Mäkiluoto is an island in Kirkkonummi archipelago of the Gulf of Finland (Uusimaa) and until 2016 no lupins were found there. The Garden Lupin arrived on the island when old military buildings were demolished and soil contaminated with lupin seeds was brought from the mainland to cover the ruins. An area of about 0.6 hectares was invaded by lupin, and there was very little time to react. After trying mechanical eradication it was decided that chemical eradication is in this case the only way to stop it spreading as most of the plants had not yet flowered or set seed. Two years after the eradication the situation on the island looks promising. Single lupins have survived and have needed to be removed regularly. In controlling the dispersal of invasive plants more attention should be paid to the possible contamination of soils transferred from one place to another.


Piirainen, M. 2019: Suomen karhunköynnöksistä. – Lutukka 35(3): 73–76.

Bindweeds in the Finnish flora

There are in the Finnish flora two species of Bindweed of the former genus Calystegia, now included in Convolvulus. The white-flowered Convolvulus sepium (syn. Calystegia sepium) seems to be native in seashore habitats along the southern coast and in the SW archipelago. On the other hand, it is also regarded as an invasive alien in the country. Today it is widely distributed and invasive inland over the southern half of Finland, occupying both natural habitats, e.g. along river- and brook-sides and lakeshores, and many cultural habitats and ruderal areas.

A red-flowered taxon, usually called Convolvulus (Calystegia) sepium subsp. spectabilis, is clearly a more recent alien in the country and of cultivated origin. This plant too is spreading in South Finland. As it is probably of hybrid origin between two species (Brown et al. 2009), it should be recognized at specific level. The correct name at this level seems to be C. dahuricus.

One more species, Convolvulus dubius (syn. Calystegia pulchra), was reported from Finland in the checklist of the Finnish flora in 1987 (Kurtto & Lahti 1987), based on a collection from SW Finland in 1972. It was recorded again in 2017 from SE Finland (Lampinen & Lahti 2018), based on field notes from a locality well known for its rich alien flora. However, the voucher specimens from both localities were redetermined as C. dahuricus in 2019. At present its seems that there are no verified records of C. dubius from Finland, and the species was recorded in error in the new checklist of the country (Kurtto et al. 2019).


Kunttu, P. 2019: Taalintehtaan suomukan nykytila ja suojelun tarve. – Lutukka 35(3): 77–78.

The present state and conservation need of the colony of Lathraea squamaria in Dalsbruk, SW Finland

The colony of Toothwort in the village of Dalsbruk, in the archipelago of SW Finland, is the most prolific in the country. In May 2019 ca. 2,000 flowering shoots were counted, which is close to the record of 2,311 shoots in 2015. The habitat is a small area of herb-rich forest (0.4 hectares) with 66 European Hazel (Corylus avellana) shrubs. Toothwort is a vulnerable species in Finland with only ca. 40 sites in the country. Nevertheless the site in Dalsbruk has not been protected although herb-rich European Hazel forest should be protected according to the Finnish Nature Conservation Act. The forest would also need restoration, since several invasive plant species already exist there. The importance of the site should also be emphasized to local inhabitants in order to avoid damage, such as cutting and dumping of garden waste.


Kunttu, P. 2019: Vuorimunkilla vahva kanta Taalintehtaalla – suojelu ja hoito silti ajankohtaista. – Lutukka 35(3): 79–82.

The population of Jasione montana is strong in Dalsbruk (SW Finland) but habitat protection is needed

The largest population of Sheep’s Bit, Jasione montana, in Finland is located in the village of Dalsbruk on the island of Kimitoön, SW Finland (biogeo­graphical province of Finland Proper). The distribution and abundance of the species were studied in Dalsbruk during the summer of 2019. Altogether 3,302 individuals were found in 16 separate sites, all of which were rocky and dry grassland hills facing mainly south and southwest. The total area of the habitats was 3.57 hectares. The number of individuals was almost three times higher than in 2014 when an inventory was carried out the last time. The species is endangered in Finland, with only around 50 extant occurrences in the country. Nevertheless the sites in Dalsbruk have not been protected. There are several threats to the habitats in Dalsbruk: overgrowth of meadows, alien invasive species, construction, and mechanical erosion of soil. Therefore, protection and restoration of the habitats would be needed.


Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L. 2019: Taigan taikaa – myyränporras Jyväskylän Korpilahdella ja muualla. – Lutukka 35(3): 83–91.

Diplazium sibiricum in Finland, especially in the south

Diplazium sibiricum (Mole-Ladder, Russian Twinsorus Fern), representing the continental Eurosiberian floristic element or taiga element, is by far the northernmost species of its genus comprising 350‒400 mainly tropical species. The more or less continuous core of its total range extends from eastern Finland through boreal Russia to the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan. Both in Scandinavia and Asia there are some large disjunctions, of which the Scandinavian ones have been interpreted either as relics of a wider and more continuous distribution during the more continental climatic periods following the Pleistocene glaciation, or as products of possibly recent long-distance dispersal by wind or birds.

After the last glaciation, Diplazium sibiricum reached Finland from the east, apparently via three routes: first in the Allerød period around 11 000 BP and later in the late Preboreal and early Boreal periods c. 8 500 BP. The emergence of the oceanic Atlantic period stopped the westward migration and perhaps lead to fragmentation or even retreat of the western fringe of the range. Today, the southwesternmost Finnish localities of the species are in the biogeographic province of South Häme (8 sites) and just east of it in the province of South Savo (one site). Our knowledge of this somewhat disjunct extension of the total range and its connection to the southeastern Finnish localities has greatly increased with new discoveries in the last couple of decades, including the one made by the authors in Jyväskylä in 2019. The total number of known Finnish sites is now about 150, and c. 2/3 of them are protected by law, as is the species itself in Finland. The favorable level of protection is largely due to the inclusion of the plant in Annexes II and IV of the European Union’s Habitats Directive, as well as in the list of species that Finland has an international responsibility to protect and preserve.

Diplazium sibiricum has fairly strict habitat requirements, both as to microclimate and soil. It is principally a plant of luxuriant, moist, shady grass-herb forests and comparable spruce swamps, but especially on steep slopes and in deep gorges it also thrives on mossy scree. It clearly favors running water (streams, rivers, trickles, subterranean streams, seepage) and moderately to very steep north-facing slopes, and the habitats are quite often spring-fed and/or calcareous. The accompanying flora usually includes many demanding species, including other species of the taiga element, e.g. Galium triflorum, Glyceria lithuanica, Cinna latifolia, Agrostis clavata and Rosa acicularis.


Floristic notes. – Lutukka 35(3): 92–95

  • Hypericum perforatum and Spergularia rubra were discovered as neophytes in the village of Pyhä, Pelkosenniemi, biogeographic province of Sompio Lapland (SoL) in September 2019. The former species is resident in Finland only in the south and has not previously been recorded north of the Arctic Circle. The latter species is very rare and perhaps still only casual, but probably becoming established in Finnish Lapland. – Arto Kurtto
  • On 26.7.2019 we found a new stand of Prickly Saltwort, Salsola kali subsp. kali, on Grundvik harun, an islet near Jurmo Island in Parainen, SW Finland (Finland Proper). Five individuals were growing on a sand beach, partly upon drift of Fucus vesiculosus. Prickly Saltwort is a very rare and endangered species in Finland with only four vital sites in the whole country, Jurmo with its surroundings being one of the most important. The suitable habitat for Prickly Saltwort on Grundvik harun is very small, comprising only two ares, and the plant is suffering fromovergrowth. Therefore beach restoration is needed. – Panu Kunttu & Sanna-Mari Kunttu
  • A peculiar and decorative form of Campanula rotundifolia was detected in Hollola, South Finland, in July 2019. Its corolla has up to 13 lobes and opens eventually into an almost saucer-shaped structure. The form may be a floral-structure mutant or a product of a sporadic disturbance of floral morphogenesis. – Arto Kurtto

 Numero 2/2019
  • Piirainen, M.: Vieraslajien luetteloa päivitetään, s. 34
  • Vuori, A. & Saarinen, K.: Uutta toivoa Lappeenrannan linnoituskasveille, s. 35–44
  • Kurtto, A.: Isoja villakkoja ja pallo-ohdakkeita tarkkailemaan, s. 45–48
  • Väre, H.: Kurjentatar Suomessa, s. 49–54
  • Suominen, J.: Palpakot ja Etelä-Pohjanmaan suurpiirteinen luonto, s. 55–59
  • Lampinen, J.: Turun kasvit -hanke: Tule mukaan kartoitukseen! s. 60–63

Summaries (in English)

 


Numero 1/2019
  • Piirainen, M.: Uhanalaistuminen etenee, s. 2
  • Särkkä, J.: Rikkaröllin uudet esiintymät, s. 3–5
  • Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L.: Rikkaröllistä Helsingissä ja ylipäätäänkin, s. 5–6
  • Uotila, P.: Luonnokukkien päivän teemalaji 2019, s. 7
  • Issakainen, J., Pihlaja, K. & Kasvi, A.: Misteli on vakiintumassa Suomeen, s. 8–23
  • Jantunen, J., Saarinen, K., Vitikainen, T. & Johansson, A.: Etelä-Karjalan perinnebiotoopeissa hyvät niityt vähissä, s. 24–31

Summaries (in English)

Särkkä, J. 2019: Rikkaröllin uudet esiintymät. – Lutukka 35(1): 3–5.

New records of Agrostis scabra in Finland

Agrostis scabra has been known as an established alien in the Turku area, SW Finland (biogeographical province of Finland Proper) since the 1980s, and since then also ca. 40 new records have been made in the province. This article gives a summary of the records made since 1985 in the other parts of Finland. The species has been found in eight biogeographical provinces. It is probably established at least in Helsinki (Uusimaa), Seinäjoki (South Ostrobothnia) and Siikajoki (Central Ostrobothnia). Typical habitats are ruderal areas, plant nurseries, gravel pits and landfills. Although the species is usually regarded as an annual or biennial, the same individual plants were observed from August 2015 to late autumn 2018 at Raahe (Central Ostrobothnia).


Issakainen, J., Pihlaja, K. & Kasvi, A. 2019: Misteli on vakiintumassa Suomeen. – Lutukka 35(1): 8–23.

Mistletoe (Viscum album) is gaining a foothold in Finland

Mistletoe (Viscum album) has during the 2010’s been spreading in the vicinity of Turku (Varsinais-Suomi, Finland).  This is the first known fertile V. album population within the country. The situation in 2018 is mapped here, with a review of the biology and dispersal of this hemi-parasitic species. V. album was found at 48 locations, with the total number of shoots (seed-originating clones) being 307. The plants were still young and mostly sterile. The most common host trees noted were Populus, Malus, Sorbus, Tilia and Acer species, all growing in open sites on the edges of inhabited areas.

The findings are consistent with first-generation seedlings, dispersed by birds from a common mother population. A candidate for such a population was located within the town of Naantali. The lack of Viscum album sightings in the surrounding districts would indicate that the current dispersal originates from mistletoe imported for decoration. The prospects of future dispersal in Finland are discussed, including the suitability of local host trees and the behaviour of birds.


Jantunen, J., Saarinen, K., Vitikainen, T. & Johansson, A. 2019: Etelä-Karjalan perinnebiotoopeissa hyvät niityt vähissä. – Lutukka 35(1): 24–31.

Re-evaluation of seminatural agricultural biotopes in South Karelia, SE Finland

All 148 known seminatural agricultural sites of open meadows and wooded grasslands in the administrative province of South Karelia, which covers parts of the biogeographical provinces of South Karelia, South Savo and Ladoga Karelia in SE Finland, were visited in June – July 2018. Instead of thorough inventories of the flora and vegetation, only generalized evaluations of the vegetation were made, combined with assessment of the current management (mowing, grazing) and the biological value of the habitat, classified as nationally, provincially or locally important. The results were compared with the earlier inventories of the same sites between 1992 and 2014. Altogether 78 sites (53%), covering 93 hectares, were still recognized as seminatural (table 1). The results were similar to those of the previous inventory in 1999; however, 27 unmanaged sites (35%) were now borderline cases and would have been declassified with a more critical evaluation. More than a third (36%) of the important seminatural biotopes in 1999 were lost in 2018. The total number of nationally (2) and provincially (12) valuable habitats was also lower than twenty years ago (26). Approximately half of the sites were still managed either by mowing or grazing. The decreasing trend in quality and quantity of seminatural agricultural grasslands in South Karelia is in line with the national trend and highlights the importance of other types of managed habitats in maintaining the diverse flora and fauna of the meadows.


Vuosikerran 34 sisältö (2018)

Numero 4/2018
  • Piirainen, M.: Suomen koko eliölajisto yhtenä luettelona, s. 98
  • Kunttu, P. & Kunttu, S.-M.: Vieraslaji tataarisinivalvatti löytyi Saaristomereltä, s. 99–100
  • Winberg, L.: Piikkikirveli – uusi laji Suomelle Espoossa ja Järvenpäässä, s. 101–103
  • Ahokas, H.: Ruoholaukan uusi löytöpaikka muinaisrannalla Kymenlaaksossa ja mustan biofilmin merkitys, s. 104–111
  • Piirainen, M. & Saarinen, K.: Kasvaako Suomessa armenianjättiputkea? s. 115–121
  • Kääntönen, M.: Isotakiainen Tampereella – ja vähän muuallakin, s. 124–126
  • Lutukka, Vol. 34, 2018, Sisältö, s. 127

Kasvihavaintoja

  • Piirainen, M.: Jälleen uusi talvisodan tulokas Kainuusta: harvakarvapoimulehti, s. 111–113
  • Särkkä, J.: Tankeakarvalehti ja pitkälehtivita Keski-Pohjanmaalla, s.  113–114

Kirjallisuutta

  • Räsänen, J.: Kouvo, M. 2017, Voikukkakirja, s.  122
  • Piirainen, M.: Mossberg, B. & Stenberg, L. 2018, Nordens flora, s. 122–123

Uusin Norrlinia: Niemelä, T., Erämaita, sieniä ja ihmisiä, s. 103

Summaries (in English)

Kunttu, P. & Kunttu, S.-M. 2018: Vieraslaji tataarisinivalvatti löytyi Saaristomereltä. – Lutukka 34: 99–100

Non-native Blue Lettuce (Lactuca tatarica) found in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland

Lactuca tatarica was found in 2018 from the island of Fårö, in the southwestern archipelago of Finland (prov. Finland Proper). This is the first record from the Archipelago Sea and the second time that the species has been found on a sand beach in Finland. Sand beaches and dunes are its common habitats by the Baltic Sea. In total, blue lettuce has been found from 13 grid squares (10 × 10 km2) of the Finnish floristic mapping system, from the south coast to Central Finland. Blue Lettuce is native in Eastern Europe, Asia and North America. It is an invasive alien in North and Central Europe, and classified as a harmful invasive species in Estonia and Lithuania, but not yet in Finland. However, it deserves the status of invasive species also in Finland, because it can spread to sand beaches, threatening their native species and habitats with high conservation values.


Winberg, L.2018: Piikkikirveli – uusi laji Suomelle Espoossa ja Järvenpäässä. – Lutukka 34: 101–103

Anthriscus caucalis found from two localities in S Finland, as new casuals to the country

Anthriscus caucalis was found at Espoo (biogeographical province of Uusimaa) in June 2018. Some ten plants were observed in a ca. 40 m × 20 m wide area of ruderal meadow-like vegetation. The plot was dug up a few years earlier in connection with the extension of the parking area of a local warehouse, leveled and possibly sown with a mixture of lawn seed. Probably seeds of A. caucalis were introduced unintentionally with the lawn seed. In October 2018, the species was found again, from Järvenpää, 37 km from the previous site. One plant grew on an embankment constructed from waste soil, probably in order to serve as a noise barrier between a logistic center and a future residential area. It is not known whether the species was brought here with soil or as a weed in lawn seed. These are the first reliable records of the species from Finland.


Ahokas, H. 2018: Ruoholaukan uusi löytöpaikka muinaisrannalla Kymenlaaksossa ja mustan biofilmin merkitys. – Lutukka 34: 104–111

Allium schoenoprasum on the prehistoric lake shore at a recently discovered inland site in SE Finland

The toponym ”Laukkakallio” (’Chive-rock’) in Kouvola, SE Finland, in a village mapped in 1918 made it possible to trace an ignored relict occurrence of chives (Allium schoenoprasum) with other species often met also on sea shores: Lotus corniculatus, Agrostis stolonifera, Viola canina, Achillea millefolium and A. ptarmica. The present relict localities of chives in the inland of S Finland are typically south facing open or nearly open, gentle slopes of rocks with a warm microclimate. The presence of black, temporarily wet biofilm on rock surfaces above chives may be essential for the plant’s survival. The biofilm probably consists of cyanobacteria capable of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen released in the drainage water fertilizes the nitrophilous chives. In seashore habitats, nitrogen comes from bird droppings and food remains and/or algal bloom driven ashore. Today, Laukkakallio is situated 60–61 m above sea level, representing an ancient shore line (ca. 9730–9630 cal BP) from the Ancylus Lake stage of the Baltic basin history.


Piirainen, M. & Saarinen, K.: Kasvaako Suomessa armenianjättiputkea?  – Lutukka 34: 115–121

Does Heracleum sosnowskyi occur in Finland?

This article briefly summarizes the history and distribution of three species of Giant Hogweeds: Heracleum mantegazzianum, H. persicum and H. sosnowskyi, as they are understood in Nordic floras. In the authors’ opinion, H. wilhelmsii (cf. Pimenov & Ostroumova 2012) is probably a separate taxon deviating from H. mantegazzianum in characteristics of the indumentum of the rays, pedicels and fruits, and length and breadth of the resin ducts of the mericarps; it is not known from Finland. H. sosnowskyi, originally promoted as a silage crop for northwest Russia, is nowadays a widely naturalized alien species in the area of Leningrad Region, Republic of Karelia and Murmansk Region. In the adjacent parts of Finland, the current status of the species is unclear, but there are some unconfirmed observations. However, voucher specimens have not been collected, and the records cannot be verified. Morphological descriptions and a short identification key to the species are provided. Hints are also given on how to collect appropriate herbarium specimens.


Kääntönen, M. 2018: Isotakiainen Tampereella – ja vähän muuallakin. – Lutukka 34: 124–126

Arctium lappa at Tampere (South Finland)

Three more or less established populations of Arctium lappa have recently been found at Tampere (biogeographical province of South Häme). In 2013 it was found on wasteland along a street in Holvasti District, where it grew together with A. tomentosum and A. lappa × tomentosum. In 2017, A. lappa was found near the stone church of Messukylä, built at the beginning of the 16th century, and, in 2018, nearby, in Vuohenoja District. The centre of the local settlement has been for centuries close to the church and Vuohenoja. A. lappa is here probably of ancient origin, having been able to maintain a small population in the residential area of detached houses. Holvasti was inhabited at least as early as in the early 1500s. The presence of Juncus compressus and Sisymbrium officinale – both regarded as indicators of medieval culture in Finland – is consistent with the idea of an ancient settlement in the area.
The populations of Arctium lappa in Tampere are threatened due to the increased management of wasteland areas by cutting them once or twice each summer. All of the localities mentioned here have been cut annually, often already by early July. A. lappa also grows in the old rubbish dump of Nekala and it has been found as a casual from the shore at a former saw-mill at Lielahti in 2002.


Floristic notes — Lutukka 34: 111–114

  • Alchemilla parcipila Juz. is reported as a polemochore from two localities in Kuhmo, eastern central Finland, biogeographical province of Kainuu. It was introduced by Russian troops during the Finnish-Russian Winter War in 1939–40. The species has repeatedly been collected from these two localities between 1957 and 2016 but wrongly determined as A. glabricaulis H. Lindb. A. parcipila is native to a limited area in W Siberia and the easternmost Europe, but it has been found also in some localities in central and northwest Russia. This is the first record of the species outside of Russia. — Mikkko Piirainen
  • Ceratophyllum demersum is reported from two new localities and Potamogeton praelongus from six localities in the biogeographical province of Central Ostrobothnia (W. central Finland). There is only one earlier record of C. demersum from the province, but the species was not refound from that place when searched in 2014 and 2016. The localities reported for P. praelongus are the only verified recent finds of the species in the province, most of the earlier records are already rather old. — Jari Särkkä

Books Lutukka 34: 122-123

  • Kouvo, M. 2017: Voikukkakirja. — Juhani Räsänen
  • Mossberg, B. & Stenberg, L. 2018: Nordens flora. — Mikko Piirainen

Numero 3/2018
  • Piirainen, M.: Vielä on toivoa? s. 66
  • Jutila, H.: Porin Preiviikinlahden saariston kasvistosta, s. 67–79
  • Ranta, P. & Piekkala, J.: Lammikki suomessa 2018, s. 80–85
  • Lampinen, J.: Vieraslajien lajimäärä johtoaukeilla liittyy osin puutarhajätteen levitykseen, s. 86–92
  • Winberg, L.: Keltahierakkaa runsaasti Helsingin Isosaaressa, s. 93–95

Summaries (in English)

Jutila, H. 2018: Porin Preiviikinlahden saariston kasvistosta. – Lutukka 34(3): 67–79.

Flora of the islands of Preiviikinlahti Bay, W coast of Finland

The flora of Preiviikinlahti Bay at Pori (prov. Satakunta) was studied on 45 islands and islets during the years 1991–2017. This article focuses on the vascular flora of the islands. The first part (published in Jutila 2018) concentrated on the description of the vegetation.

The most common species on the islands was Lysimachia maritima, found on 43 islands. The next most common were Stuckenia pectinataus (in sea water), Rumex crispus subsp. littoreus, Agrostis stolonifera, Phragmites australis, Argentina anserina and Juncus gerardii. Threatened species in the area were Hippuris tetraphylla (EN) and Galium verum (VU); nearly threatened (NT) species were Antennaria dioica and Centaurium pulchellum.

Several species are found in Finland only by the Baltic Sea: Atriplex littoralis, Cakile maritima, Carex mackenziei, Centaurium littorale, Eleocharis uniglumis, Honckenya peploides, Isatis tinctoria, Lathyrus maritimus, Odontites litoralis subsp. litoralis, Ranunculus baudotii, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Silene uniflora and Tripolium pannonicum. Deschampsia bottnica in an endemic of the Bothnian Sea area. Also included were some subspecies, varieties and forms adapted to the seashore, e.g. Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis, Myosotis laxa ­subsp. baltica, Argentina anserina ­subsp. groenlandica and Valeriana sambucifolia subsp. salina.

Other noteworthy species in the study area are Linum catharticum, Draba incana, Rhinanthus angustifolius, Cardamine hirsuta and Silene nutans. Among the alien species found in the archipelago of Preiviikinlahti Bay are Halerpestes cymbalaria, Ligusticum scothicum, Rosa rugosa, Sambucus racemosa and Lupinus polyphyllus.

The pooled number of vascular plant species of the studied islands was 326. The number of vascular plant species per island correlates strongly with the size of the island and its elevation, the latter being also an indicator of the geological age of the island in this land-uplift area.


Ranta, P. & Piekkala, J. 2018: Lammikki suomessa 2018. – Lutukka 34(3): 80–85.

Status of the invasive Nymphoides peltata in Finland in 2018

Yellow Floating Heart, Nymphoides peltata, has a wide distribution in several continents. It is regarded as native in most of Europe and Asia, but invasive in North America, New Zealand and since 2012 also in Finland. In Sweden it is a troublesome invasive species with about 40 localities in the southern part of the country. A survey of the distribution of N. peltata in Finland was made in 2018.

So far all the localities are concentrated in the South-West around the city of Turku (province of Varsinais-Suomi). Shallow lakes, reservoirs and slow rivers are infested by this species. It is found in 11 different localities and almost 50 stands. Two outliers are found outside SW Finland.

Nymphoides peltata may now be in a lag phase of distribution in Finland. The critical mass for an explosive phase may have been reached. The warming climate favours the species. Suitable habitats for N. peltata are found almost everywhere in Finland. It produces viable seeds in Finland and the seeds may be distributed by waterfowl.

The rapid invasion of Nymphoides peltata raises a serious question concerning the country’s ability to protect itself against new invasive species despite national strategies and international agreements. Much more dangerous invasive species are waiting beyond the country’s borders.


Lampinen, J. 2018: Vieraslajien lajimäärä johtoaukeilla liittyy osin puutarhajätteen levitykseen. – Lutukka 34(3): 86–92.

Non-native species richness along power-line corridors is partly related to garden-waste disposal

Alien flora of nine localities in power line corridors, used for garden-waste disposal, and another nine not used were studied in the City of Turku, SW Finland, in 2012 and again 2017. The species richness of non-native species in corridors used for garden-waste disposal and those not used indicated that waste disposal increases the species-richness of non-native species along power line corridors. In addition, the richness of non-native species in such corridors did not change during a 5-year period following the initial inventories, although the species composition of non-native species did change. In particular small, annual species originally found in the immediate vicinity of the garden waste disappeared during the study period, while larger, perennial plants remained in the corridor.

The results suggest that inappropriate garden-waste disposal may increase the species-richness of non-native species, although not all species imported into the corridors are able to establish viable populations. The most common non-native species found in corridors used for garden-waste disposal were found also in corridors not used for disposal. This indicates that garden-waste disposal is only one way in which non-native species are introduced to power line corridors.


Winberg, L. 2018: Keltahierakkaa runsaasti Helsingin Isosaaressa. – Lutukka 34(3): 93–95.

Mass occurrence of Rumex maritimus in the outer archipelago of Helsinki, South Finland

Rumex maritimus was detected in great abundance on the island of Isosaari in the outer archipelago of Helsinki (prov. Uusimaa) in 2018. It was growing along the northern shore of the island between two parallel drift walls, probably in thousands. The seed may have arrived with high seawater during the winter 2017–2018, probably from the inner bays of Helsinki. Though there are no earlier records of the species from the island, the existence of an older seed bank might also be possible, as the locality has been only rarely visited by botanists. R. maritimus is regarded as endangered in Finland, and its only native occurrences are in the SE part of the country. In Helsinki, the species is most probably originally introduced.


    Numero 2/2018
    • Piirainen, M.: Näyte- ja havaintotietojen tulkintaa, s. 34
    • Jutila, H.: Porin Preiviikinlahden saariston kasvillisuudesta, s. 35–53
    • Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L.: Helsingin kasveja 8. Kahden vuosikymmenen täydennyksiä alkuperäislajistoon, s. 56–63

    Kasvihavaintoja

    • Koistinen, J.: Hetesara Parikkalassa (LK), s. 53–55
    • Puranen, P.: Kampasaniainen löytyi Keiteleeltä (PH), s. 55

    Summaries (in English)

    Jutila, H. 2018: Porin Preiviikinlahden saariston kasvillisuudesta. – Lutukka 34(2): 35–53.

    Vegetation of the islands of Preiviikinlahti Bay, Pori, W coast of Finland

    The vegetation of Preiviikinlahti Bay at Pori (prov. Satakunta) was studied on 45 islands and islets from 1991 to 2017. The bedrock in the area is mainly Jotnian sandstone (formed 1300 million years ago) with a belt of younger diabase (appr. 1270–1260 mya). The soil in the area is mainly till. The whole of Preiviikinlahti Bay belongs to the Natura 2000 network and some parts of it to the Sea of Bothnia National Park. The rate of land-uplift is ca 7 mm/year. Some islands have previously been grazed by sheep, but this practice is continued only on Julukari. In addition, cattle have access to a few islets near Hevoskari and Kumpeli. There are only a few summer cottages on these islands.

    The average vascular plant species number per visit and the cumulative species number of all the visits were recorded for each island. The size, length of the shoreline, distance from the mainland and elevation were measured for each island. This paper focuses on the medium-sized and large islands; the complete data set is published in Jutila (2017). The highest, oldest and largest island is Kallioluoto, which was found to possess 246 species. The total number of species in all the studied islands was 326. Species numbers correlate strongly with island size and elevation, which indicates the geological age of the islands on this coast subject to land-uplift. The number of species increases immediately as elevation rises above the mean sea level.

    The Preiviikinlahti archipelago contains diverse habitats from shores to dry meadows, heaths, forests and peatlands. Sea-level fluctuation and the soil parent material are defining factors for the vegetation. The shores of the islands are typically till with open vegetation. Deschampsia bottnica grows at water level, and slightly above it Lysimachia maritima and Argentina anserina dominate the geolittoral vegetation. Increasingly fine-grained parent material diversifies the flora with Centaurium pulchellum, C. littorale, Plantago maritima, Agrostis stolonifera and Juncus gerardii as typical species. The upper part of the geolittoral is often dominated by Lythrum salicaria, Filipendula ulmaria, Rhinanthus angustifolius and Parnassia palustris. The algae accumulation zone is dominated by tall herbs. In the epilittoral zone, nutrient-poor dry meadow is common, dominated by Galium verum, Fragaria vesca, Silene nutans, Sagina nodosa and Filipendula ulmaria.

    On bird islets such as Harmaat, Rhinanthus angustifolius and Valeriana sambucifolia subsp. salina expand their ranges to the epilittoral. Sparsely vegetated stone and boulder shores are characterized by Silene uniflora and Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis on Ykspihlava, Kloppa, Munakari, Katava, Puskuuri and Truutholma. Sandy beaches on Kallioluoto, Santakari, Ykspihlava and Mustakari are characterized by Honckenya peploides and Cakile maritima in the geolittoral, and Empetrum nigrum, Festuca ovina and Hieracium umbellatum in the epilittoral. The open shore area is delimited by Hippophaë rhamnoides and Rosa rugosa thickets.

    Nutrient-poor, dry-heath vegetation is found on medium-sized islands such as Puolivälinkari and Puskuuri. The heaths are Deschampsia flexuosa Cladina Empetrum nigrum type. On larger islands the succession has progressed and heaths have closed up to form juniper thickets. By contrast, small islets do not provide enough shelter for the heath vegetation to develop.

    Black alders typically form the first tree zone facing the sea. Mesic, herb-rich black-alder forests are formed on fine-grained, nutrient-rich and flat land, e.g. on Outoori. On larger islands succession leads first to mesic, bilberry-dominated pine forests and later to spruce-dominated forests.

    Archipelago peatlands can be found only on Kallioluoto. Bogs are small, mesotrophic patches of open mire in rock depressions with Carex rostrata, C. vesicaria and Comarum palustre as dominants, and Drosera rotundifolia as a characteristic species.


    Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L. 2018: Helsingin kasveja 8. Kahden vuosikymmenen täydennyksiä alkuperäislajistoon. – Lutukka 34(2): 56–63.

    Vascular plants of Helsinki 8. Additions to the native flora since 1998

    Submersed aquatic plants of deep water are especially problematic in floristic mapping. Consequently, Zostera marina was confirmed as a resident member of the flora of Helsinki as late as in the first years of the 21st century, though drifting shoots of the species had been detected on shores of the city annually long before. The same inventories made by experts in diving also returned Ruppia cirrhosa to the extant flora of Helsinki. Of the shore plants, Ranunculus lingua has apparently been present on a shore of an inner bay of Helsinki already for long, but was not detected by us in the field work in the 1990s due to the dense vegetation cover and restrictions of the site (nature reserve). Sium latifolium and Euphorbia palustris were found on seashores of Helsinki for the very first time in the 2010s, but only as single plants and thus possibly remaining casual. Epilobium obscurum, a threatened species in Finland, was discovered in 2017 as a rather abundant ditch plant in northern Helsinki. Its historical status, whether native (apophytic) or alien, remains obscure. Lathyrus linifolius and Brachypodium pinnatum were added to the extant native forest flora of Helsinki in the 2010s, but the latter perhaps disappeared soon after its discovery. A large stand of Dryopteris dilatata, accompanied by Dryopteris expansa and hybrids between the two species, was discovered in northwestern Helsinki in 2015. There is only one earlier record of Dryopteris. dilatata from Helsinki, a single plant seen by us in the early 1990s.


    Floristic notes – Lutukka 34(2): 53–55.

    • Carex acutiformis is reported from Parikkala as new to the Finnish part of the province of Ladoga Karelia. The closest earlier known locality in Finland is situated in Joroinen (North Savo), c. 120 km NW of the new site. The main area of the species in Finland is in the southern mainland, where it is rather rare. The species is known also from the Russian part of Ladoga Karelia and the Karelian Isthmus at a distance of 100–130 km from Parikkala.Jarmo Koistinen
    • Blechnum spicant is reported from Keitele (North Häme). One plant was found in a roadside ditch in a dryish heath forest in June 2018. The species is very rare in Finland, and all recent records relate to solitary plants resulting from long-distance dispersal of spores. — Perttu Puranen

    Numero 1/2018
    • Piirainen, M.: Putkilokasvien uusi nimistö versio 2.0, s.2
    • Ihamuotila, R.: Outoja vieraita mäntykankaalla, s. 3–5
    • Ihantola, A.-R., Similä, M., Eisto, K., Thitz, P. & Räsänen, J.: Lettohernesaraa takaisin vanhoille kasvupaikoille Pohjois-Karjalassa, s.6–8
    • Piirainen, M. & Piirainen, P.: Tähtipoimulehti sotatulokkaana Suomussalmella – ensimmäinen tieto lajista Venäjän ulkopuolelta, 13–16
    • Kiviniemi, A. & Kouvo, M.: Kotkan Hallan saari – kasvitulokkaiden uskomaton ihmemaa, 17–31
    • Tule Luonnonkukkien päivän kasvioppaaksi, s. 12

    Kasvihavaintoja

    • Ranta, H. & Laine, J.: Misteli Kemiönsaaren (V) Vänössä, s. 9–10
    • Kouvo, M.:Tuokio Haminan Summan sorsanputkien seurassa (EK), s. 10–12

    Summaries (in English)

    Ihamuotila, R. 2018: Outoja vieraita mäntykankaalla. – Lutukka 34(1): 3–5.

    Peculiar flora on verges of a forest road

    The flora on the verges of a newly built forest road was observed in 2016–17 in Espoo, S Finland (Uusimaa), in an area with fairly dry pine forest and bare rock outcrops. A peculiar combination of alien introductions, escapes from cultivation and species of luxuriant forests was found. The source of the flora was in soil spread along the road banks in 2015, the origin of which remains unknown to the author.


    Ihantola, A.-R., Similä, M., Eisto, K., Thitz, P. & Räsänen, J. 2018: Lettohernesaraa takaisin vanhoille kasvupaikoille Pohjois-Karjalassa. – Lutukka 34(1): 6–8.

    Reintroduction of Carex viridula var. bergrothii to its former habitats in North Karelia (E Finland)

    Metsähallitus (National Board of Forestry) reintroduced Carex viridula var. bergrothii to two mires (North Karelia: Lieksa and Ilomantsi) in 2015. Tussocks, plantlets and ripe seeds were collected from an abundant population in an old soapstone quarry in Juuka. Before planting, the old ditches (draining the rich fen) in the mire of Lieksa were filled with peat. The reintroduction has been successful so far at the Lieksa site (majority of plants still alive, plenty of seeds germinated) especially on the bare peat surface. On the other hand, at the Ilomantsi site, seeds did not germinate and the plants are apparently failing to compete against the other vegetation of the site.


    Piirainen, M. & Piirainen, P. 2018: Tähtipoimulehti sotatulokkaana Suomussalmella – ensimmäinen tieto lajista Venäjän ulkopuolelta. – Lutukka 34(1): 13–16.

    Alchemilla stellaris as a polemochore in Finland – the first record outside Russia

    Alchemilla stellaris is endemic to the Volga valley in Central Russia. It has been recently found in the Republic of Karelia, NW Russia, as a rare neophyte. In 2017, the species was found in eastern Finland, Suomussalmi in the biogeographical province of Kainuu as a polemochore brought in by Russian troops during the Finnish-Russian Winter War 1939–40. This is the first record of the species outside Russia.

    Alchemilla stellaris is a dark green plant. The lower part of the stem is hairy with patent hairs, the upper part is glabrous. Petioles of the rosette leaves are hairy with patent hairs, but those of the inner ones are often glabrous in their upper part. Leaf blades of the inner leaves are roundish and their basal lobes may touch each other. Leaf lobes are long and often triangular, giving the leaves a star-shaped appearance. Teeth on the lobes number 11–17, and they are obliquely triangular. Leaf lobes of the inner leaves are hairy above only along the wrinkles and close to their margin, below they are glabrous except for the main veins, which are hairy in their upper parts. Pedicels and hypanthia are glabrous.


    Kiviniemi, A. & Kouvo, M. 2018: Kotkan Hallan saari – kasvitulokkaiden uskomaton ihmemaa. – Lutukka 34(1): 17–31.

    The island of Halla – a paradise of neophytes in the city of Kotka

    The island of Halla is located close to the city center of Kotka (South Karelia). The island served first as a Swedish (1791–1808) and then a Russian (1809–1830) fortification. Ballast was unloaded onto the island during the 1800s. The following industrial period included e.g. a sawmill (1876–1986), a terpentine factory (1890–1901) and a pulp mill (1903–1940). Several old polemochores and ballast plants survive on the island. The massive transportation of timber for the sawmill and pulp mill, largely from Russia, seems to be the most important source of alien taxa. After all the industrial activities were closed down, the buildings have gone to rack and ruin and the former open landscape is now becoming overgrown.

    The flora of Halla was studied during several excursion to the island in August 2017. In all, 314 vascular species were found. The most interesting rarities on the island include Astragalus glycyphyllos, Briza media, Carex sylvatica, Chaerophyllum aromaticum, Ononis spinosa subsp. arvensis, Pimpinella major, Thalictrum lucidum, Torilis japonica, and Trifolium lupinaster, among others.

    The authors suggest that many of the alien species might have come with Russian timber imported from the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, perhaps the area around Narva and east of it, based on the natural distribution of several species found in Halla.


    Floristic notes – Lutukka 34(1): 9–12.

    • Viscum album is reported from the Island of Vänö in Kemiönsaari (prov. Finland Proper). One plant was found parasitizing Betula pubescens. The species has rapidly spread in the metropolitan area of Turku (ca. 65 km N of Vänö) during the last few years. — Hanna Ranta & Joska Laine
    • A short visit to River Summanjoki (South Karelia: Hamina) was made in August 2017 to see Sium latifolium, which is regarded as a critically endangered species in Finland. The species has been known from the lower course of the river since 1913, and it seems to thrive well at the visited site. This is the only native population of the species left in Finland, the other two having been lost during the 20th century. However, there are also a few recent casual introductions. — Matti Kouvo

    Vuosikerran 33 sisältö (2017)

    Numero 4/2017
    • Helynranta, L.: Vuosi huipentui pihlajiin, s. 98
    • Kääntönen, M.: Buurivillakko, isohietasinappi ja muuta kasvistoa Tampereen (EH) Santalahdessa, s. 99–102
    • Koistinen, J.: Vankkasara vanhoilla ja uusilla espoolaisilla kasvupaikoilla (U), s. 103–106
    • Kiviniemi, A.: Kouvolan (ES) konnantädykkeestä 1930-luvulta tähän päivään, s. 107–111
    • Räsänen, J.: Minne ovat vesikasvit kadonneet? s. 118–119
    • Räsänen, J.: Havaintoja kalliosammalista itäisestä Suomesta vuonna 2016, s. 120–126

    Kasvihavaintoja

    • Saarinen, K.: Ristilimaskaa Imatran Immalanjärvessä (ES), s. 112–113
    • Jutila, H.: Ketunsaralöytö Kuusankoskelta (EH), s. 113–114
    • Kiviniemi, A.: Puistoniittyleinikki, täpläpeippi ja rohtorusojuuri Kouvolassa (EH), s. 115–117

    Summaries (in English)

    Kääntönen, M. 2017: Buurivillakko, isohietasinappi ja muuta kasvistoa Tampereen (EH) Santalahdessa. – Lutukka 33(4): 99–102.

    Senecio inaequidens, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and other floristic finds at Santalahti, Tampere (South Häme)

    Descurainia sophia, Lotus corniculatus var. sativus and Medicago sativa were found among huge colonies of Chenopodium album from the roadsides of the intersections at the W end of the new road tunnel at Santalahti, Tampere. In addition, e.g. Conyza canadensis and Herniaria glabra had colonized the filling earth area at the shore of Lake Näsijärvi – smaller stands of the latter had been known from the area since 1981. Finds of Senecio inaequidens and Diplotaxis tenuifolia were more surprising. S. inaequidens is a South African species, which has spread in Europe in recent years, but in Finland it has been so far known only from Helsinki and Turku. Probably it has arrived with traffic or construction activities, but the origin is unknown. Several exotic casual aliens were found especially in the 1960s and 1980s along the blind tracks and loading stocks of the paper and cardboard mills at Santalahti, among them Chenopodium acuminatum, Trigonella grandiflora and Rumex marschallianus. The mills are no more working, and the only alien from those years still left in 2017 was Sisymbrium volgense, known in the area since the 1960s.


    Koistinen, J. 2017: Vankkasara vanhoilla ja uusilla espoolaisilla kasvupaikoilla (U). – Lutukka 33(4): 103–106.

    Old and new records of Carex riparia in Espoo (Uusimaa)

    Three out of the four known localities of Carex riparia in Espoo were checked in 2017. The species was still found in or close to each of them. In addition, one new locality was found. It seems that the species can survive also in the urbanized southern parts of the city, where suitable habitats may still be left in some smaller brooks or ditches, which have not been churned up too heavily.


    Kiviniemi, A. 2017: Kouvolan (ES) konnantädykkeestä 1930-luvulta tähän päivään. – Lutukka 33(4): 107–111.

    Veronica anagallis-aquatica in Kouvola, SE Finland

    Veronica anagallis-aquatica is rare in Finland, and most of its localities are known from the Aland Islands. The few records from the mainland are mainly old, and the only established populations have been known from Kouvola (South Savo), in 1930–1999. A new, vigorous, hundreds of meters long population in a ditch system was found in Kouvola in 2017. Also the localities of the previous finds were checked, and the species was found in or close to some of them. It seems possible that the species has spread in Kouvola rather lately, perhaps with earthwork vehicles or excavators.


    Räsänen, J. 2017: Minne ovat vesikasvit kadonneet? – Lutukka 33(4): 118–119.

    Aquatic plants declining due to improved water quality

    The aquatic vascular flora of a small lake in the River Lieksa in North Karelia has experienced changes during the last 60 years. As a beginning the water quality deteriorated due to nutrients released by log floating. After cessation of the floating in 1987 the river has gradually recovered. This has, however, caused declining of the flora as the nutrient content has reduced.


    Räsänen, J. 2017: Havaintoja kalliosammalista itäisestä Suomesta vuonna 2016. – Lutukka 33(4): 120–126.

    An amateur bryologist’s observations from some rock outcrops in eastern central Finland

    Some interesting rock outcrops were visited in the provinces of North Savo and North Karelia in 2016. Bryum algovicum, Hypnum andoi and Schistidium dupretii are reported as new to North Karelia and Pohlia elongata new to North Savo.

    Floristic notes – Lutukka 33(4): 112–117.  

    • In August 2017, Lemna trisulca was discovered from Imatra in the western shore of Lake Immalanjärvi. This is the second find of it from the Province of South-Savo, and it was represented by a dense population amongst Hydrocharis morsus-­ranae, Elodea canadensis and other duckweeds (Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza) in a recently dredged shore near the water-line. The first find from South-Savo is from Lappeenranta, Lamposaari in 1992. However, according to a herbarium specimen without a precise locality the species had grown in the province already in 1901. – Kimmmo Saarinen
    • Carex vulpina is reported as a neo­phyte from Kuusankoski (Kouvola town, South Häme) from a former industrial dump, where it has been introduced with imported Russian timber. The species is rare as native or an archaeophyte in a limited area in SW Finland, where it is endangered. In addition, it has been found as a neophyte in a few localities as far north as Kemi (Outer Ostrobothnia). – Heli Jutila
    • Ranunculus acris subsp. friesianus, Lamium maculatum and Lithospermum officinale were found in a former industrial dump at Kouvola, Saksanaho (South Häme). Their origin is probably in Russian timber imported ca. 20–25 years ago. – Anni Kiviniemi

    Numero 3/2017
    • Uotila, P.: Työskentely muissa kasvimuseoissa avartaa, s. 66
    • Saarinen, K., Jantunen, J. & Vitikainen, T.: Seikkailuja Imatran ratapihoilla, elävillä ja kuolleilla, s. 67–79
    • Kalleinen, L.: Kainuunnurmihärkin uudet kasvupaikat Paltamossa (Kn), s. 80–84
    • Piirainen, M. & Piirainen, P.: Korvakepoimulehti: vanhoja tietoja ja uusi löytö, s. 85–88
    • Koistinen, J.: Sorsanputki Kirkkonummen Långgrundissa (U), s. 89–90
    • Uotila, P.: Huhtakurjenpolven massaesiintymä Kuhmoisissa (EH), s. 91–93

    Kasvihavaintoja

    • Piirainen, M.: Vanhoista museonäytteistä löytyi Pohjois-Euroopalle uusi poimulehtitulokas, kaljupoimulehti, s. 94–95

    Summaries (in English)

    Saarinen, K., Jantunen, J. & Vitikainen, T. 2017: Seikkailuja Imatran ratapihoilla, elävillä ja kuolleilla. – Lutukka 33(3): 67–79.

    Eastern immigrants in railway yards of Imatra, SE Finland

    We investigated four railway yards in Imatra near to the eastern border of Finland (biogeographical provinces of South Savo and South Karelia). As timber is imported in large quantities via railways from Russia, we expected to find a set of immigrants of eastern origin at the yards. Unfortunately three of the yards were almost completely dead due to pesticide control in July 2015. The only yard not poisoned, near to Immola airport, was inhabited by Anthyllis vulneraria, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Corynephorus canescens, Geranium sibiricum, Hippophae rhamnoides, Medicago sativa subsp. falcata, Mycelis muralis, Rumex thyrsiflorus and Silene armeria, among others. In July 2016, other three yards were all ”green”, but we noted only a few intriguing immigrant species, such as Nuttallanthus canadensis, Sagina nodosa and Scleranthus perennis. In addition, a short visit to the old plain used for timber storage resulted in new findings of Juncus tenuis and Erigeron annuus subsp. strigosus, both previously unrecorded at the site. In general, the immigrant flora of railway yards and the adjacent environments in Imatra had similar elements to the flora of Voikkaa area in Kouvola, comprehensively reported for the readers of Lutukka in 2015–2017.


    Kalleinen, L. 2017: Kainuunnurmihärkin uudet kasvupaikat Paltamossa (Kn). – Lutukka 33(3): 80–84.

    New finds of Cerastium fontanum var. kajanense in Kainuu

    The serpentine variety Cerastium fontanum var. kajanense of the Common Mouse-ear is reported from three small outcrops of serpentine rock close to the main village of Paltamo (Kainuu). This rare and endangered (EN) variety was earlier known in Finland only in a limited area at the border between Paltamo and the neighbouring town of Kajaani, at a distance of c. 10 km from the new localities. The outcrops were rather heavily weathered and partly covered by serpentine gravel. The plants grew both on rock surfaces and in tractor tracks and ploughed spots of the surrounding forest cut area. The number of specimens was estimated in two of the localities to be c. 13,000, in each. The number is not as high as in the earlier known localities. However, the newly found populations are important for the protection of the variety. The study area is part of a larger serpentine area (Jormua mafic – ultramafic complex). Similar small rock outcrops are widely scattered in the area, and it could be worthwhile checking at least the most promising ones.


    Piirainen, M. & Piirainen, P. 2017: Korvakepoimulehti: vanhoja tietoja ja uusi löytö. – Lutukka 33(3): 85–88.

    A new find of Alchemilla auriculata from Finland

    Alchemilla auriculata originates from the Ural Mountains at the border zone between Europe and Siberia. It has been found from three areas (four localities) in Finland as a polemochore brought in by Russian troops during the Finnish-Russian Winter War 1939–40. It is known from Ilomantsi in 1955 (North Karelia; two adjacent localities), Kuhmo 1963 (Kainuu) and Paltamo 1958–59 (Kainuu). The history of these records is here briefly discussed. The species was found from a new locality in 2017, in a war-time Russian encampment site in Ilomantsi. This rare species, as well as several other polemochorous Alchemilla species, has now survived almost for 80 years after the war, showing remarkable persistency.

    Alchemilla auriculata is 30–40 cm tall and dark bluish green. The stems are sparsely hairy with patent hairs below, glabrous in the upper parts. Most of the petioles are also hairy with patent hairs, but the petioles of one or two outer (“spring”) leaves are usually glabrous. The blade is rather dark, slightly dirty bluish green, 5–10 cm long, flat and roundish. It has usually nine lobes with (13–)15–17 rather coarse teeth. Length of the apical lobe is ¼–⅓ of the blade length, and the basal lobes touch each other. The blade is glabrous above (rarely sparsely hairy along the margins); below it is glabrous except for the main veins, which are hairy in their upper half (rarely sparsely hairy on the basal lobes). Petioles of the cauline leaves are short and blades roundish. The inflorescence, pedicels and hypathia are glabrous; flowers are small. (The small auricle-like appendages at the base of the leaf-blades mentioned in the original description, are mostly missing and seem to have no significance.)


    Koistinen, J. 2017: Sorsanputki Kirkkonummen Långgrundissa (U). – Lutukka 33(3): 89–90.

    Greater Water-parsnip (Sium latifolium) in the Kirkkonummi Archipelago of the Gulf of Finland


    Uotila, P. 2017: Huhtakurjenpolven massaesiintymä Kuhmoisissa (EH). – Lutukka 33(3): 91–93.

    Exceptionally abundant colony of Geranium bohemicum in Kuhmoinen, Southern Finland

    A controlled burning took place in a more than ten hectares wide area of clear-cut forest in Kuhmoinen (biogeographical province of South Häme) in May 2014. During the same summer, a massive colony of Geranium bohemicum raised in the burned area, plants estimated to be thousands. The area was an old refugee for local people during the Great Hate (1713–1721), and they carried on slash-and-burn cultivation there, last in the mid-1800s.  Probably the seed bank of G. bohemicum was from that period, i.e. more than 150 years old. In the subsequent years the amount of G. bohemicum plants rapidly decreased: in 2015 there was still open soil with charcoal and ash and hundreds of G. bohemicums, in 2016 some dozens. In 2017 the whole area was covered with dense vegetation of other species, and only two small specimens of G. bohemicum were found.


    Floristic notes – Lutukka 33(3): 94–95.

    • Several sheets of Alchemilla straminea were determined from herbarium specimens, erroneously named as A. glabra. The specimens were collected from eastern central Finland (Kainuu), Hyrynsalmi, Kangasjärvi in a locality used by the German army in 1941–44. Their origin is probably in hay cut from natural alpine meadows in Central Europe and imported for the troops. A. straminea was collected several times in at least four different localities in the area in 1952–1978. These are the first records of the species in North Europe. – Mikko Piirainen
    Numero 2/2017
    • Piirainen, M.: Putkilokasvien uusi nimistö versio 1.0, s. 34
    • Saarinen, K.: Esko Thurénin kasvijäljillä Imatralla, s. 35–42
    • Ryttäri, T. & Reinikainen, M.: Uusi uhanalaisuuden arviointi alkanut – kasvitietoja kaivataan, s. 44–46
    • Hovi, A.: Itäisiä piirteitä Lahden kasvistossa, 47–56
    • Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L.: Helsingin kasveja 7. Liitosalueen antia, s. 57–63

    Kasvihavaintoja

    • Toivonen, E.: Mäntykukka yhä pohjoisempana, s. 42–43
    • Ryösä, M.: Kesäpikkusydän levisi kasvittomaan metsämaahan Harjavallassa (St), s. 43

    Summaries (in English)

    Saarinen, K. 2017: Esko Thurénin kasvijäljillä Imatralla. – Lutukka 33(2): 35–42.

    On the plantsteps of Esko Thurén, an amateur botanist in Imatra

    During the 1980s and 1990s, Esko Thurén collected thousands of well-prepared plant specimens almost exclusively from the town of Imatra, SE Finland. From a smaller set of duplicates of the collection donated to the South Karelia Allergy and Environment Institute in 1990, I chose some rare and interesting species and revisited those 14 locations in the summer of 2016. Only four were still alive, including Avenula pubescens, Veronica filiformis, Inula helenioides and Scolochloa festucacea. Now the samples collected by Esko Thurén are relocated in the Finnish Museum of Natural History (H).


    Ryttäri, T. & Reinikainen, M. 2017: Uusi uhanalaisuuden arviointi alkanut – kasvitietoja kaivataan. – Lutukka 33(2): 44–46.

    New Red Data Book of Finland in preparation

    The Vascular Plant Specialist Group, working under the auspices of the Finnish Environment Institute, has begun the substantial effort to assess the status of vascular plants in Finland. As previously, the criteria developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) will be used in the red-listing process, including some modifications and nationally decided applications. The Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus) has created a tool to facilitate the documentation of the assessments. The changes in the taxonomy and nomenclature adopted in the new list of vascular plants of Finland, prepared in the Botanical Museum, will be taken in consideration. The categorization process includes wild populations within their natural range, which comprises taxa that have arrived to Finland by natural migration and are established and reproducing in the area. Also taxa that have been introduced (intentionally or un-intentionally) by humans and naturalized before the year 1800 may be assessed. Specialists and botanical enthusiasts are asked to report information about threatened and near threatened plant populations, including those that have disappeared and reasons for that. The new Red Data Book will be published in the spring 2019.


    Hovi, A. 2017: Itäisiä piirteitä Lahden kasvistossa. – Lutukka 33(2): 47–56.

    Eastern anthropochore species in Lahti, S Finland, 2008

    The vascular flora of the city of Lahti (mainly in the biogeographical province of South Häme, minor parts in Uusimaa) was researched during 2007–2008 by Antti Hovi and Marko Riikonen. Hannu Kämäräinen and Tapio Lahtonen monitored the flora of the tracks for Russian wagons in the railway yard of Lahti in 1999­–2010. The results of these studies are compared with Viljo Erkamo’s study of the anthropochore flora of Vyborg (South Karelia / Russia, part of Finland till 1944) in 1942. Erkamo listed 105 species related to Russian influence, 29 of them found already before 1942. Of the Russian species of Erkamo and Vyborg, 26 were found in Lahti at the site of Russian wagons and 37 also elsewhere in the city. Seventeen species found in Lahti belong to the group that were known in Vyborg already before 1942.

    These eastern species are often continental and favor light and warm habitats. About 40 species in Lahti are more widely spread eastern species. They are spreading along railroads, especially the old Riihimäki – Lahti – Saint Petersburg railroad and the old Vesijärvi harbor railroad. Part of them are polemochores and found also in the area of old army barracks. Like railroads, eskers and moraine ridges (Salpausselkä) serve as dispersal routes for these eastern species, e.g. Artemisia campestris and Trifolium arvense. Eastern species are found also at landfills in Lahti, as they were in Vyborg of the year 1942. Common species to the landfills of Vyborg 1942 and Lahti 2008 were e.g. Silene noctiflora, Anthemis tinctoria, Helianthus tuberosus and Papaver somniferum. The importance of grain mill areas for eastern species has declined in Lahti of today.

    The most common eastern species in Lahti are Tragopogon pratensis, Artemisia campestris, Melilotus albus, Vicia hirsuta and Conyza canadensis. The polemocore species of Hennala barracks have been monitored since 1921. Among them, Sanguisorba officinalis, Geranium palustre, Bromus inermis and Juncus compressus are worth mentioning.


    Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L. 2017: Helsingin kasveja 7. Liitosalueen antia. – Lutukka 33(2): 57–63.

    Vascular plants of Helsinki 7. Contributions of the latest annexed area

    As of 2009, adjacent land areas in Helsinki’s neighbours Sipoo and Vantaa were annexed into Helsinki. The land area of Helsinki increased by nearly 30 km2 and the water area by about 2,6 km2. The vascular flora of the annexed area was accurately mapped in 2011‒2015 as a supplement to the mapping of the former area of the city (land c. 187 km2, water c. 500 km2). Despite its relatively small size, the annexed area strengthened considerably the populations of many native or archaeophytic plant species in the capital of Finland by adding numerous new occurrences and often also by increasing the average size of the occurrences. Due to the basically forested and rural nature of the annexed area, the greatest winners of the flora include especially plants of the following environments: (1) slope groves and mossy heath forests, (2) open bogs and pine swamps, (3) oligotrophic inland waters, (4) tops and precipices of high rock outcrops, and (5) semi-natural grasslands. Only two species, viz. Filipendula vulgaris and Hypochaeris maculata, were gained as new to the all-time flora of Helsinki.


    Floristic notes – Lutukka 33(2): 42–43.

    • A new northernmost record of Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypopitys in Finland is reported from the biogeographical province of Outer Ostrobothnia (Obu/PeP), Pello. The locality is ca. 35 km further northwards (ca. 66°48,4’ N lat.) than the earlier northernmost record made in Rovaniemi four days earlier (Kekki 2016). -- Erkki Toivonen
    • Dicentra formosa is reported as a dominant plant from a severely polluted pine woodland in Harjavalta, southwestern Finland. About a thousand flowering shoots of the species were found at a distance of 1,2 km from a smelting plant in 2017. Other plants are hampered by toxic metals (arsenic, copper, nickel and cadmium) at the locality. -- Markku Ryösä
    Numero 1/2017
    • Piirainen, M.: Kohti digiaikaa, s. 2
    • Kiviniemi, A.: Kasviretkiä venäläisen puutavaran jäljillä II – alue-esittelyt, s. 3–23
    • Juutinen, R.: Mitä suomalaiset lettokehräsammalet oikein ovat? s. 24–27
    • Kääntönen, M.:Kyseenalaista puuhastelua uhanalaisten kasvien istutuksilla ja siirroilla Tampereen seudulla, s. 30–31

    Kasvihavaintoja

    • Kekki, T.: Mäntykukka palasi Perä-Pohjanmaalle, s. 27–28
    • Kunttu, P.: Uusi suomukan esiintymä Eckerössä (A), s. 28–29
    • Kypärä, T.: Nipponinlähdesammal löytyi uudestaan Ylläkseltä (KiL), s. 29

    Summaries (in English)

    Kiviniemi, A. 2017: Kasviretkiä venäläisen puutavaran jäljillä II – alue-esittelyt. – Lutukka 33 (1): 3–23.

    Floristic finds from depot areas of Russian timber in Kouvola area, SE Finland

    Interesting plant records from twelve pulpwood storage and processing areas at Kouvola, SE Finland (mainly in the biogeographical province of South Häme) were presented in an earlier article (Kiviniemi 2016). This article continues the theme by taking a closer look at the respective localities.

    Pulpwood, mainly birch, has been imported by railway to the area from Russia in varying amounts according to the changing customs regulations. The maximum levels were reached in the early 2000s. The imported wood was stored in large stacks along the railway tracks and in railway yards. Aerial photographs taken in 2008 show huge white stacks of pulp birch in several places. Today, the imported wood is transported directly to storage areas inside UPM Kymmene pulp factory area, and temporary storage areas are no longer used.

    Of the studied localities, the flora of the railway yard at Voikkaa was presented earlier (Kiviniemi 2015). The other localities include eight pulpwood storage areas (Kuusaanlampi, Kuusaanniemi, Kymintehdas, Pokinpelto, Saksanaho, Tillola – Miehonkangas, UPM factories) and a crane area for bundled wood (Kuusaanlampi).

    Three of the localities are or include former industrial dumps (Pilkanmaa, Saksanaho, Vuohivuori), used in 1920–2000. They contain by-products from the pulp mills, sludge, ash, etc. The most important material regarding dispersal of seeds and other propagules is, however, waste soil from wood storage areas, composed mainly of birch bark mixed with sand and gravel. This kind of dump is not used anymore, as the waste is used in power production or as raw material for fertilizer industry.

    The floristic results are summarized in Table 1. (50 most common introduced vascular plant species) and Table 2. (other interesting species – attached above in the list of contents). It is difficult to ascertain the origin of each species in different localities. However, the original vegetation in all the localities was largely destroyed. As most of the listed species are concentrated in these timber depot areas at Kouvola, it seems logical to draw the conclusion that they have a Russian origin.


    Juutinen, R. 2017: Mitä suomalaiset lettokehräsammalet oikein ovat? – Lutukka 33 (1): 24–27.

    Moerckia flotoviana and M. hibernica s.str. (Hepaticae) in Finland

    A small number of Moerckia hibernica s.lat. specimens were determined from Finnish herbarium material, and both M. flotoviana and M. hibernica s.str. were found to occur in Finland. The key characters used in the determination of the species are discussed, as well as the preliminary results on their ecology and distribution in Finland. However, due to the limited number of specimens studied so far, their distributions and ecological preferences still remain uncertain.


    Kääntönen, M. 2017: Kyseenalaista puuhastelua uhanalaisten kasvien istutuksilla ja siirroilla Tampereen seudulla. – Lutukka 33 (1): 30–31.

    Unusual activities with threatened plants at Tampere

    Galium schultesii was found in two localities at Tampere, South Häme, in 2016, obviously intentionally planted in natural vegetation. The introducer of this threatened species destroyed one of the colonies later, after realizing that it had been revealed.

    An alternative action plan has been suggested for maintenance of the Pyynikki esker reserve, advocated by a local society, which has collaborated with the administration of Tampere town. This plan proposes a so called refuge zone at the foot of the esker to house rare or threatened species to be transferred from localities being considered for town planning in order to avoid conflict with building activities. Also, sports activities like mountain biking, Frisbee golf and orienteering have been suggested for the nature reserve to create artificial open patches to renew vegetation. In addition, planting of rare esker plants in the area has been suggested. This kind of activity, however, goes against the principles of rational nature conservation, by trying to create ”a zoo of plants”.


    Floristic notes – Lutukka 33 (1): 27–29.

    • Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypopitys is reported from Ounasvaara at Rovaniemi, the biogeographical province of Outer Osthrobothnia (Obu/PeP), N Finland. The only previous record known from the province dates back to 1904, ca. 70 km to the SSW. The new find (2016) is the northernmost one from Finland. – Tapio Kekki
    • A small population of Lathraea squamaria was found in Eckerö (Åland). The locality is the third one known in the municipality. The habitat was a rich forest dominated and shaded by large spruces, with some Alnus glutinosa and Betula sp. but no Corylus avellana, which is the most common host for this parasitic plant. – Panu Kunttu
    • Ulvinen (2016) reported the moss Philonotis yezoana for the first time in Europe, based on a specimen collected in Pallas-Ylläs National Park in 1965. The locality was checked in August, 2016. Philonotis yezoana was found in one small patch on a stream bank, below the rootstock of a fallen spruce. Other interesting species in the locality were the moss Tayloria splachnoides and the liverworts Marsupella sphacelata, Jungermannia obovata and Anastrophyllum hellerianum. – Timo Kypärä

    Vuosikerran 32 sisältö (2016)

    Numero 4/2016
      • Piirainen, M.: Sodan jälkiä Suomen kasvistossa, s. 98
      • Ulvinen, T. & Vilpa, E.: Mitä kuuluu Oulun saksalaiskasveille, s. 99–113
      • Uotila, P.: Suomen vesitähdet ja erityisesti uposvesitähti, 119–126
      • Norrlinia 31Suomen käävät, s. 118

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Huttunen, T.: Kampasaniainen Vantaan Petikossa (U), s. 114–115
      • Koistinen, J.: Kirjokorte Siuntion Sunnanvikissa (U), s. 115–116
      • Kähtävä-Marttinen, M., Marttinen, A. & Saarinen, K.: Muslukka vai puotikka? s. 116–118

      Summaries (in English)

      Ulvinen, T. & Vilpa, E. 2016: Mitä kuuluu Oulun saksalaiskasveille. – Lutukka 32(4): 99–113.

      German polemochores (alien plants spread by war) in Oulu

      German troops were present in Oulu town (biogeographical province of Oulu Ostrobothnia, N central Finland) during World War II from 10.6.1941 to 14.9. 1944. Oulu was important for the German army as a centre of transportation, lodging, maintenance and exercise. The most important base was in Toppila harbour area, where troops and equipment as well as huge amounts of forage for the horses and mules stationed in northern Finland were imported. The transportation brought a large quantity of polemochores to the area. A barrack site called Vaakunakylä was built SE of the harbour. A training centre for SS troops, ”Little Berlin”, with more than 100 buildings was constructed in Tuira quarter. The only remains of the village are the former officers’ club built in mountain cottage style and given the name Alppila (”Alpine village”). A leave centre was built in Laanila along Oulujoki River and an exercise area was rented at Puolivälinkangas. Troops were lodged in tents between Isko and Kaijonharju.

      Information on polemochores found in Toppila harbour and other areas leased to the Wehrmacht has been published in several papers, most recently in the Flora of Oulu (Väre et al. 2005), where most of the German alien plants were found to have disappeared due to building of the town. In 2016, more than 70 years after the German period, we tried to find what was left. 37 species, which were polemochores at least in some of their occurrences, were listed, and the most important of them are discussed.

      The most prominent German polemochore in Oulu is Cardaminopsis arenosa. It was selected as the floral emblem of Oulu Town. At present it is common and abundant especially along railroads, also everywhere in northern Finland.

      Luzula luzuloides is still growing in a grove by the Linnanmaa campus area of the University of Oulu at a site with several remains of German activity. Another occurrence is located close to a memorial stone for German troops. A third, newly discovered population in the eastern part of the town along Oulujoki River is of unknown origin. Poa chaixii has its northernmost locality in Finland in Linnanmaa campus area.

      Alchemilla baltica was found in Toppila as late as the 1990s, but it is regarded as a German polemochore. It is known also from a few other localities in Oulu.

      Centaurea jacea was common in Toppila during the German period. It was believed to have disappeared in the 1990s, but was rediscovered in 2016. It is not known whether the plant had arisen from the seed bank or arrived with lawn seed. According to the gardener in charge of the area only a couple of Poaceae species were sown there. The hybrid C. jacea × montana has been found both from ballast soil and as a German polemochore in Toppila.

      Galium × pomeranicum is a polemochore in the German base areas. It has mainly disappeared from the built-up areas in Toppila. In addition, a variant with hairy fruits, var. trachycarpum, was earlier known from Toppila. Now the hybrid grows only along the railroad in the barrack square of the Finnish army, and probably it is of Russian origin.

      Other polemochores in the present study are, e.g., Berteroa incana, Bromus inermis, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Dianthus deltoides, Heracleum sphondylium, Poa angustifolia and Vicia sepium subsp. sepium. Polemochores are part of our cultural history and deserve monitoring and maintenance.


      Uotila, P. 2016: Suomen vesitähdet ja erityisesti uposvesitähti. – Lutukka 32(4): 119–126.

      The genus Callitriche (Plantaginacea) in Finland

      Four species of Callitriche, viz. C. hermaphroditica, C. hamulata, C. copho­carpa and C. palustris are native in Finland and C. stagnalis has been found as a casual alien from Helsinki in 1940. Morphological, biological and ecological characters important for their recognition are given and discussed. C. hermaphroditica is represented in Finland by subsp. hermaphroditica and ­subsp. macrocarpa, which can be distinguished by the mericarps, in particular by the size and the width of the wing. The former is the only subsp. in fresh waters in southernmost Finland. It is rare in brackish water along most of the coast, very rare in central parts of the country, and more common in Lapland. It has probably decreased in recent decades. The latter is fairly frequent and the predominant subsp. in brackish water along the whole coast and in Åland Islands, and is absent from fresh waters in inland South and Central Finland, but present in freshwater sites in Lapland.

      The taxonomy and nomenclature of Callitriche hamulata are discussed. The species is characteristic of several rivers in Lapland, but in South Finland frequently found only in Tampere and its vicinity since 1937 and occasionally from a few other sites. C. cophocarpa and C. palustris are widespread in Finland but they prefer different habitats, the former growing often in more permanent waters with some flow and the latter in temporary pools and on bare wet soil.


      Floristic notes – Lutukka 32(4): 114–118.

      • Blechnum spicant is reported from Vantaa Town, biogeographical province of Uusimaa. One sterile rosette was found in October 2016 along a path following an old tractor track in a mesic spruce forest. Earlier, the species was known from the province only from one locality in Porvoo Town, where it was known from 1907 to 1914. – Tapio­­­ Huttunen
      • Equisetum variegatum was found in 2014 at Siuntio, Sunnanvik, from an abandoned quarry and filling earth area. This is the third known locality from the biogeographical province of Uusimaa and represents similar cases of recent immigration to this kind of man-made habitats as the previous ones. The species is rare to very rare in southern Finland close to the coast and common in the north, but almost absent from inland areas in the southern half of the country. – Jarmo Koistinen
      • Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and cowberry (V. vitis-idaea) are amongst the commonest forest plants in Finland, but a hybrid between the two has been found only at nine sites between 1964 and 2013, including four biogeographical provinces (EP, St, U, EH) in the southern parts of the country. In July 2016, we observed a fertile hybrid stand covering a few square metres in Puumala, South Savo (ES), being the easternmost locality in Finland so far. Ripe berries were intermediate between those of the parents both in appearance and flavour. – Minna Kähtävä-Marttinen, Arto Marttinen, & Kimmo & Saarinen

      Numero 3/2016
      • Niemelä, T.: Vanhan metsän mittakeppi, s. 66
      • Hinneri, S.: Punakoison leviämishistoria, muuntelu ja ekologia eteläisellä Selkämerellä, s. 67–71
      • Väre, H., Kaipiainen-Väre, H. & Syrjänen, K.: Ukkosen jumalan tunturissa – Terbmisvárrin ja Jollanoaivin tuntureiden kasvisto, s. 72–84
      • Hinneri, S.: Matalien kallioriuttojen kasvilajisto eteläisen Selkämeren ulappa-alueilla, s. 88–95

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Saarinen, K.: Kaarlenvaltikan taival katkolla Lappeenrannassa (ES), s. 85–86
      • Piirainen, M. & Piirainen, P.: Tulisuolaheinä Lappeenrannassa (ES), s. 86
      • Åström, H. & Hæggström, C.-A.: Nurmilaukan uusi löytöpaikka Espoossa (U), s. 86–87

      Summaries (in English)

      Hinneri, S. 2016: Punakoison leviämishistoria, muuntelu ja ekologia eteläisellä Selkämerellä. – Lutukka 32(3): 67-71.

      Bittersweet in the southeastern Sea of Bothnia area: distribution, growth forms and ecology

      Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) was rare in the southeastern coastal regions of the Sea of Bothnia (SW Finland) until the 1970s. Only four indigenous occurrences were known in the outer archipelago. Owing to rising summer temperatures and the autumnal extension of the growing season since the late 1970s, Bittersweet has immigrated to 55 islands in the area. Migratory flocks of thrushes moving southwards along the coast in autumn may provide an explanation for its rapid and extensive spread in the offshore archipelago.

      The prevailing growth form of Bittersweet in the area is prostrate or climbing and it prefers seaside Black Alder woodlands in the inner archipelago, whereas on outer treeless islands it is found in thickets of Sea-buckthorn and, occasionally, in clefts between large rocks. In addition, three other growth forms adapated to specific ecological conditions can be recognized.

      Bittersweet is commonly regarded as a species of nutrient-rich biotopes, and this is true also for the outmost islands where organic deposits on seaside banks of gravelly and sandy drift-soil easily decay and become mineralized owing to the recent change in climate. In addition, the autumnal extension of the growing season has now made ripening of berries possible in offshore habitats.

      In the inner archipelago, rocky islands – formerly treeless owing to intensive sheep pasturing – are today covered by pine woods rich in dwarf-shrubs, and consequently surface water becomes acidic, so preventing the growth of Bittersweet as well as Sea-buckthorn along the shore. So Bittersweet is confined to the islands having nutrient-rich moraine deposits and stocked with broad-leaved trees.


      Väre, H., Kaipiainen-Väre, H. & Syrjänen, K. 2016: Ukkosen jumalan tunturissa – Terbmisvárrin ja Jollanoaivin tuntureiden kasvisto. – Lutukka 32(3): 72–84.

      The flora of Mounts Jollanoaivi and Terbmisvárri in Enontekiö, northwesternmost Finnish Lapland

      The mountains Jollanoaivi (1 026.3 m a.s.l.) and Terbmisvárri (1 028.8 m) are located just outside the limited area of the Finnish Scandes bordering on Norway and Sweden. The bedrock is pre-Cambrian, lacking rich calcareous formations typical of the Scandes. The tree line is formed by Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii at ca. 600 m in the eastern part of the main study area, but does not occur in this high-altitude oroarctic belt. Other trees, Populus tremula and Sorbus aucuparia subsp. glabrata are rare. Between the mountains there is a large mountain lake, Terbmisjavre at 612.7 m a.s.l. The escarpment of Mt Jollanoaivi is south facing and dry, that of Mt Terbmisvárri north facing and moist. The nearest mountains to the north, Kahperus and Kuonjarvárri (Väre et al. 2015), also exceeding 1 000 m a.s.l., are within the Scandes and have extensive calcareous bed rocks. These major areas are compared in the article. Kahperus and Kuonjarvárri have a rich flora of vascular plants and bryophytes, but in the present study area the species numbers are much smaller. In the former there are 36 calciphilous vascular plants, in the latter only 14. The numbers of threatened or nearly threatened taxa are 24 and 16, respectively. Perhaps more importantly, the number of populations and individuals of arctic-alpine plants are much lower on Mts Jollanoaivi and Terbmisvárri. As a matter of fact, many species have their southernmost sites in Finland at Mt Terbmisvárri. In total 200 vascular plant species including six subspecies, and 217 bryophytes, have been found in this ca. 40 km² area.


      Hinneri, S. 2016: Matalien kallioriuttojen kasvilajisto eteläisen Selkämeren ulappa-alueilla. – Lutukka 32(3): 88–95.

      Vascular plant species on low rocky islets in open sea areas of the southern Sea of Bothnia

      The vascular flora of the larger and higher islands of the SW archipelago of Finland has been investigated fairly thoroughly while rocky islets lower than three meters a.s.l. have usually been ignored. Rocky islets provide a very suitable site for studying the early stages in the succession of terrestrial vegetation and, in addition, differences between species in sensitivity to salinity. On rocky islets subject to uplift most species form ecological groups restricted to definite biotopes. In this study 60 flat rocky islets 1.5–2.5 m high and 100–240 m long were investigated in the main study area of the southern Sea  of Bothnia. Established vascular plants were listed and the ecological diversity of biotopes was described. For a comparison, 40 similar islets in the Kihti open sea area in the southern part of Finland’s SW archipelago were investigated, but only for species assemblages.

      The following five habitat types with characteristic species are discernible: crevices of bare rocks (Puccinellia capillaris, Sagina procumbens), boulder heaps (Lythrum salicaria, Peucedanum palustre), stony rock slopes (Silene uniflora, Rumex crispus ­subsp. littoreus), lagoons (Potentilla palustris, Hippuris vulgaris) and dry grasslands (Deschampsia flexuosa, Stellaria graminea and many annuals).


      Floristic notes – Lutukka 32(3): 85-87.

      • Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum is still common in northern Finland but has markedly decreased in the south. There has been a vigorous local population in Lappeenranta, South Savo, known since the 1980s. In 2016, more than 140 flowering shoots and even more sterile rosettes were counted along the moist railwayside ditches. Unfortunately no plants were observed outside the linear habitat of less than 100 metres length. Thus, the expected future improvement of the railroad is a potential threat to the survival of the species at the site, one of the last remaining ones in southern Finland. – Kimmo Saarinen
      • Rumex thyrsiflorus is reported as an established neophyte in the biogeo­graphical province of Etelä-Savo, southeastern Finland. It was found on the steep embankments of the fortress of Lappeenranta (Linnoitus; main parts built in the 1720s). It is assumed to be of eastern origin, probably from the Russian period in the area (1743–1917). – Mikko Piirainen & Pirkko Piirainen
      • The Field garlic, Allium oleraceum, was previously known from two localities in the town of Espoo, biogeographical province of Uusimaa. A third locality was found in a sloping meadow near the manor of Gumböle, known since the 1540s. About 20 shoots with 2–5 flowers but no fruits were seen; by the habit and according to chromosome counting they represent the tetraploid (2n = 32) cytotype. The Field garlic grew together with two woody taxa and 41 mainly common meadow plant taxa. – Helena Åström & Carl-Adam Hæggström

      Numero 2/2016
      • Uotila, P.: Jäkälätieteellinen maailmankongressi, s. 34
      • Kiviniemi, A.: Kasviretkiä venäläisen puutavaran jäljillä – ensimmäisen kesän alkupaloja, s. 35–45
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Horkkakatkeron elinvoimaa vuosikymmenten ajan entisellä kalkkilouhosalueella Vimpelissä, s. 46–48
      • Ulvinen, T.: Nipponinlähdesammal Euroopalle uutena Ylläksellä, s. 49–51
      • Saarinen, K. Jantunen, J. & Pulli, A.: Vanhojen koululaisherbaarioiden kertomaa, s. 52–61
      • Kääntönen, M. & Lahtonen, T.: Juurtonurmikka Tampereen ydinkeskustan kansallismaisemassa, s. 62–63
      • Norrlinia 30Lichens of Finland, s. 51

      Summaries (in English)

      Kiviniemi, A. 2016: Kasviretkiä venäläisen puutavaran jäljillä – ensimmäisen kesän alkupaloja. – Lutukka 32(2): 35–45.

      Some interesting records of vascular plants from depot areas for Russian timber in SE Finland

      The author has studied the vascular plant flora in the railway yard at Voikkaa, Kouvola town in the border area between the biogeographical provinces of South Häme (EH), South Savo (ES) and Uusimaa (U) during several years. Records of many alien species proved to concentrate especially in places, where Russian timber had been stored or handled. Kouvola is known for its wood processing industry – both former and present – and there are several active or abandoned railway yard and depot areas similar to that at Voikkaa. In the spring 2015, the study was extended to cover 12 such localities in Kouvola. The intention was to find out the 50 most common species brought in with Russian timber. The project turned out to be both interesting and rewarding. This article presents the most interesting results of the first field season. The study area and a summary of the results will be presented later. The project is continued in 2016 with further field visits.

      Four taxa new to Finland were found in 2015. Carex pilosa, a southern and southeastern European species of oak and beech forests, was found at Voikkaa railway yard in 2015, and in another locality at Saksanaho, in a former industrial dump in May 2016 (both EH). The species is also probably new to the Nordic Countries. Erigeron annuus subsp. strigosus was found at Kuusaanniemi timber depot in Kouvola (EH), Trifolium alpestre and Astragalus danicus at Miehonkangas timber depot in Iitti (EH). Other interesting finds were, e.g. Polygala amarella at Saksanaho (no previous records from Kouvola, rare in mainland Finland), Androsace filiformis (Kuusaanniemi), Astragalus glycyphyllos (Kuusaanlampi, ES), Thalictrum lucidum (Saksanaho) and Chaerophyllum aromaticum (Voikkaa; the second extant locality in Finland). Veronica beccabunga was surprisingly found in a partly covered ditch along the wall of an old warehouse in the industrial area of Kymintehdas (EH). There was only one recent record of the species from Kouvola at Mustila (U). Carex ornithopoda was found in a depot area as an alien; otherwise this rare and threatened species is only known from the Aland Islands in Finland.


      Kämäräinen, H. 2016: Horkkakatkeron elinvoimaa vuosikymmenten ajan entisellä kalkkilouhosalueella Vimpelissä. – Lutukka 32(2): 46–48.

      Gentianella amarella in Vimpeli, Central Ostrobothnia

      Gentianella amarella has declined in Finland since the 1950s. The total number of known localities is ca. 400, but only ca. 100 of them remain, and the species is regarded as endangered. Most of the extant localities are in the southwest (Aland Islands and Varsinais-Suomi), and in the north (Outer Ostrobothnia and Koillismaa). One of the largest populations, found in 1991, is located midway between these two areas in Vimpeli (Central Ostrobothnia) in an abandoned limestone quarry. In 2015, the total number of flowering second-year plants was estimated to be at least 6,440.


      Ulvinen, T. 2016: Nipponinlähdesammal Euroopalle uutena Ylläksellä. – Lutukka 32(2): 49–51.

      Philonotis yezoana new for Europe

      The moss Philonotis yezoana was collected in Finnish Lapland (Pallas-Ylläs National Park) in 1965 for the first time in Europe. The site is very probably Varkaankurunoja brook on the northern slope of Ylläs Mountain (Kolari parish, biogeographical province of Kittilä Lapland). In companion there were several typical mosses of brook and brookside habitats, e.g. Pohlia wahlenbergii and Scapania paludosa. The specimens are at the Botanical Museum of Oulu University (OULU) and Finnish Museum of Natural History (H). The main distribution of P. yezoana includes Far East of Russia, Japan, Korea, western and eastern North America and Greenland.


      Saarinen, K. Jantunen, J. & Pulli, A. 2016: Vanhojen koululaisherbaarioiden kertomaa. – Lutukka 32(2): 52–61.

      The flora of eastern Finland as reflected in old school herbaria between 1925 and 1969

      In a period of over one century between 1864 and 1969, most Finnish grammar school pupils were obliged to collect plants in their early teens. The number of species required varied between 200 in the early 1900s and 80 in the late1960s. We analyzed 885 plant specimens of seven old herbaria between 1925 and 1969, collected mainly in eastern Finland from the biogeographical provinces of South Karelia (Ka), South Savo (Sa) and North Savo (Sb). Among the most common of the 357 recorded plant taxa, Centaurea cyanus and Rubus arcticus have decreased markedly since the period of collection. Formerly a variety of meadow species, such as Dianthus deltoides, Trifolium spadiceum, Trifolium aureum, Galium verum and Bistorta vivipara, were also regularly collected by the pupils. Moreover we discovered some real meadow and weed rarities, including Agrostemma githago, Androsace septentrionalis, Apera spica-venti, Parnassia palustris, Polygala amarella and Selinum carvifolia. On the other hand, several species common nowadays were virtually absent or scarce in the herbaria. These included Angelica sylvestris, Campanula patula, Galium album, Lupinus polyphyllus, Amelanchier spicata and many of the common trees, such as Acer, Betula, Populus and Salix. While this may be partly due to practical reasons (such as ’no flowers’), it can also be indicative of true environmental changes related to forest management, including grazing and logging. Despite the rather small data set, it also nicely portrays changes in agricultural practices, both in fields and meadows, since the end of the collecting period more than 50 years ago.


      Kääntönen, M. & Lahtonen, T. 2016: Juurtonurmikka Tampereen ydinkeskustan kansallismaisemassa. – Lutukka 32(2): 62–63.

      Poa supina in the centre of Tampere

      Poa supina was found in the centre of Tampere town (South Häme) in 2014 as wide mats in a trampled lawn in the former industrial area of Tampella. Though at least parts of the lawn are cut every year, the plant thrives, and in 2016 it still covered wide areas. The origin of the plant is unknown, but it is probable that the species has arrived as a seed weed in the rather newly sown lawn. As the other vegetation has suffered due to heavy trampling, Poa supina has been able to gain still more ground. It is also possible that the plant represents a North American cultivar advertised as highly resistant against wearing, as was also suspected in Helsinki in a similar case in 2008.


      Numero 1/2016
      • Piirainen, M.: Kohti uutta luokittelua, s. 2
      • Jantunen, J. & Saarinen, K.: 25 vuotta niitynhoitoa ja kasviseurantaa Joutsenossa, s. 3–10
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Kasvaako Kuusamossa aitoa lapinkämmekkää? s. 11–15
      • Kääntönen, M. & Järventausta, K.: Outo verikurjenpolviesiintymä Valkeakosken Sääksmäellä (EH), s. 16–18
      • Saarinen, K., Blomqvist, L. & Havo, J.: Yleisökartoitus Etelä-Karjalan ja Etelä-Savon kangasvuokoista, s. 19–25
      • Huttunen, S. & Pitkämäki, T.: Hakasuikerosammal – huonosti tunnettu vai aidosti harvinainen? s. 26–31

      Summaries (in English)

      Jantunen, J. & Saarinen, K. 2016: 25 vuotta niitynhoitoa ja kasviseurantaa Joutsenossa. – Lutukka (32)1: 3–10.

      25 years of regular management and vegetation monitoring on a semi-natural meadow in Joutseno, SE Finland

      The effects of mowing (1990–1995, 2014–) and grazing by sheep (1997–2012) on meadow vegetation were followed in a valuable semi-natural meadow located at Pellisenranta, Joutseno, SE Finland between the years 1990 and 2015. The vegetation data were collected on a grid of 45 sample plots (1 m × 1 m) in the year 1990 and 83 plots in years 1996, 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2015. Most changes in the vegetation were beneficial. Firstly, the management has increased species diversity. While the total number of species in the plots has remained approximately at the same level (75 species), the mean number of species per plot has increased continuously from 10–13 species in the 1990s to 17 species in 2015. Especially Anthriscus sylvestris (+36 plots), Antho­xanthum odoratum (+32) and typical species of mesic meadows such as Hypericum maculatum (+28), Ranunculus acris (+28) and Trifolium medium (+16) have been recorded increasingly often in the course of monitoring. By contrast, the number of plots has mostly decreased in Elytrigia repens (–30), Taraxacum (–21) and Campanula patula (–19), which are probably signs of the former cultivation in the 1960s. According to photographs, Viscaria vulgaris was very abundant in the dry meadow in the 1980s, but the abundance and distribution area of this meadow plant has decreased. In general the vegetation has changed from a dry meadow type towards a mesic meadow type, although many dry meadow species have also become more common due to regular meadow management.


      Kämäräinen, H. 2016: Kasvaako Kuusamossa aitoa lapinkämmekkää? – Lutukka (32)1: 11–15.

      Dactylorhiza lapponica s.str. is probably present also in Kuusamo Region

      The taxon often named as Dactylorhiza lapponica has so far been known as a rarity in four provinces of North Finland: North Ostrobothnia, and Kittilä, Sompio and Inari Lapland. Unverified records have been reported also from Kuusamo Region and Enontekiö Lapland. A small population of 14 flowering plants was found in a small rich fen in Kuusamo in 2015. It is here interpreted as belonging to this disputed taxon. According to different views, D. lapponica is today either included in D. traunsteineri or both taxa together are included in D. majalis as subsp. lapponica.


      Kääntönen, M. & Järventausta, K. 2016: Outo verikurjenpolviesiintymä Valkeakosken Sääksmäellä (EH). – Lutukka (32)1: 16–18.

      Geranium sanguineum on a remote forest rock outcrop at Valkeakoski, South Häme

      Geranium sanguineum was found on a terrace of a remote rock outcrop at Sääksmäki, Valkeakoski in the 1990s. The vegetation on the site indicates a rock with a high nutrient content, but some vascular plant species can be classified as weeds. The closest villages are at a distance of almost five kilometers. The population at Sääksmäki is of ancient origin, and it is possible that G. sanguineum is an old archaeophyte. Among the other species at the site, Satureja acinos is known from the near-by Rapola relic area. The steepness of the rock and a possible ruin of a stone wall might indicate the ancient use of the place as a fortification. G. sanguineum has also been used as a medicinal herb in the past. On the other hand, the remoteness of the site and the idea that some western plant species in Finland may have spread also from the south, make it possible that G. sanguineum could be also native. There is an older specimen from Sääksmäki without exact locality information, collected in 1882. With no further information, the origin of the species at Sääksmäki remains unresolved.


      Saarinen, K., Blomqvist, L. & Havo, J. 2016: Yleisökartoitus Etelä-Karjalan ja Etelä-Savon kangasvuokoista. – Lutukka (32)1: 19–25.

      A public survey of Pulsatilla vernalis in South Karelia and South Savo, SE Finland

      Pulsatilla vernalis is a vulnerable species of dry pine forests, flowering in the early spring. Previously recorded from 11 biogeographical provinces, its distribution nowadays covers mainly three provinces in the southeastern corner of the country. In the vascular plant atlas of Finland there were only 33 10 km × 10 km squares with a positive observation of P. vernalis since the year 2000. In spring 2015 we used a public survey via newspapers and social media to complete the current distribution of the species in its strongest footholds in South Karelia and South Savo. As a result 168 persons provided data from 164 different sites of P. vernalis. These were located in three biogeographical provinces (South Savo, South Häme, Ladoga Karelia), with most observations from the municipalities of Lappeenranta (42), Taipalsaari (25) and Ruokolahti (25). People were generally worried about the future of the species, as many sites were threatened by various environmental changes; also transplantations still occur. Furthermore, large populations are nowadays scarce and more than half of the populations had fewer than ten flowers. Judging by the lovely stories provided by many observers, the beautiful plant is warmly welcomed every spring in its natural habitat.


      Huttunen, S. & Pitkämäki, T. 2016: Hakasuikerosammal – huonosti tunnettu vai aidosti harvinainen? – Lutukka (32)1: 26–31.

      Brachythecium campestre – insufficiently known or truly rare?

      Brachythecium campestre is a rare moss, in Finland occurring in mesic grasslands and forest pastures in the southernmost provinces. In the most recent Red List of Finland the species was evaluated as nearly threatened (NT). We revised B. campestre specimens kept in Finnish herbaria (H, OULU, TUR, TUR-A). Several collections accepted as B. campestre in the evaluation for the Red List of 2010 turned out to be mis­identifications. Of the correctly identified specimens only two were collected since 1970. B. campestre is thus rarer than expected, but it remains unclear whether the low number of observations reflects the confusing taxonomic history of the species or the decrease of suitable habitats in Southern Finland. We encourage especially those botanists working in habitats created by traditional agriculture to pay attention to B. campestre and to collect specimens for identification.


      Vuosikerran 31 sisältö (2015)


      Numero 4/2015
      • Piirainen, M.: Vieraslajit taas tapetilla, 98
      • Väre, H., Kaipiainen-Väre, H. & Syrjänen, K.: Kuonjarvarrin ja lähituntureiden kalkkiylänköjen kasvit, 99–112
      • Lampinen, J. & Rautiainen, V.-P.: Sipulinurmikka Halikossa – vakiintunut uustulokas vai arkeofyytti? 113–114
      • Ylätalo, M.: Retkiä Aavevuorelle 115–116
      • Kunttu, P.: Jättituija on levinnyt luontoon toistaiseksi vain arboretumeista, 117–118
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Rantaorvokin uutta runsautta Vesilahden (EH) Mantereen kylässä 119–124

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Kunttu, P.: Punakatko kasvu-paikallaan Kemiönsaaressa (V) jo 35 vuotta, 124–125
      • Kunttu, P.: Taalintehtaalla (V) Suomen runsain suomukkaesiintymä, 125

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Koponen, T.: Parnela, A. & Arkkio, H. 2015, Kissakalliolta Illeröömiin. Pirkanmaan kalliosammaltutkimus, 126

      Summaries (in English)

      Väre, H., Kaipiainen-Väre, H. & Syrjänen, K. 2015: Kuonjarvarrin ja lähituntureiden kalkkiylänköjen kasvit. – Lutukka 31(4): 99–112.

      The flora of Mount Kuonjarvarri and neighboring fjelds in Enontekiö, northwesternmost Finnish Lapland

      Three mountains, Gahperus, Kuonjarvarri and Toskalharji, are in the limited area of the Finnish Scandes bordering on Norway and Sweden. The area is located at the edge of the geological Kalak-nappe overthrust complex. All three mountains exceed 1,000 m above sea level. The tree line is formed by Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii at ca. 630 m in the neigbouring area, but birch does not occur in this high-altitude oroarctic belt.

      These mountains are characterized by rocks which are mainly moderately basic or acidic and with scattered but locally extensive calcareous outcrops. Between the mountains there is a broad river valley with some high precipices, both dry south-facing and moist north-facing. The plateau of Kuonjarvarri includes environments resembling the high arctic, with many species having a main distribution area in the arctic.

      This environment supports a rich flora of vascular plants and bryophytes. Many species have here their northernmost sites in Finland. On the other hand many arctic-alpine species have their southernmost Finnish sites in the area. In total 187 vascular plant species and five subspecies, and 280 bryo­phytes, have been found in this ca. 30 km² area. These include 24 red-listed vascular plants and 45 bryophytes, some of which are arctic-alpine species rare in the whole of Fennoscandia – e.g. Antennaria nordhageniana, A. porsildii, A. villifera, Ranunculus sulphureus, Brachythecium coruscum, Sciuro-hypnum dovrense, Bryum wrightii and Encalypta longicolla. Threatened and near-threatened vascular plants and red-listed bryophytes are listed.


      Lampinen, J. & Rautiainen, V.-P. 2015: Sipulinurmikka Halikossa – vakiintunut uustulokas vai arkeofyytti? – Lutukka 31(4): 113–114.

      Is Poa bulbosa an established neophyte or an archaeophyte in Halikko, south-western Finland?

      The origin of Poa bulbosa L., a rare grass in Halikko, Salo, south-western Finland (Varsinais-Suomi), is examined in relation to other known localities of the species in Finland and Sweden. Poa bulbosa is considered a neophyte in Finland, but descriptions of the species’ habitats in e.g. Sweden suggest that it could just as well be an archaeophyte in Halikko. The surrounding grassland community in Halikko includes both archaeophytes and apophytes common to dry grasslands on shallow soils, such as Arabidopsis suecica, Galium verum, Geranium pusillum, Sedum acre, S. telephium, Trifolium arvense and Veronica verna.


      Kunttu, P. 2015: Jättituija on levinnyt luontoon toistaiseksi vain arboretumeista. – Lutukka 31(4): 117–118.

      The invasive alien Thuja plicata has thus far spread into the wild only from arboreta in Finland

      According to the Finnish national strategy on invasive alien species Thuja plicata is a potentially or locally harmful alien plant species. There is one earlier case, on Pettu Island, where T. plicata has spread to the wild from old plantations, and two new cases are presented here.

      Forests of two arboreta were inventoried in summer 2015: Godby in Jomala (Åland Islands) and Sahajärvi nature reserve in Salo (Varsinais-Suomi). The numbers of trees are presented in Table 1. In Godby 70 % of the trees were descendants of trees planted in the 1930s. They were growing within an area of 1.5 hectares of mainly mesic heath forest. In Sahajärvi, 68 % of trees were descendants of trees planted in the 1930s, mainly in mesic heath forest but also in herb-rich forest within a total area of one hectare. The diameter at breast height of the largest tree was 53 cm in Sahajärvi.

      From a conservation and ecological perspective it is of great concern that so many invasive alien species are allowed to grow in Sahajärvi nature reserve, based on the history of the locality. All invasive species should be removed from the reserve because they have a negative impact on the natural biodiversity.


      Kämäräinen, H. 2015: Rantaorvokin uutta runsautta Vesilahden (EH) Mantereen kylässä. – Lutukka 31(4): 119–124.

      Are the largest Finnish populations of Viola stagnina at Vesilahti, South Häme?

      Two large populations of the endangered (EN) Viola stagnina were found at Vesilahti in the 2000s. However, one of them has already declined close to extinction. A new population was found in 2014 about 500 m away. When the locality was visited in 2015, Viola stagnina was abundant along c. 140 m of the field-side bank of a major ditch running towards the shore of Lake Hulausjärvi. Later, the species was found also along five smaller ditches in the same field.


      Floristic notes  – Lutukka 31(4): 124–125.

      • Upright Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica has been growing on an island called Norra Tuholmen (or Toholmen) in Kimitoön (Kemiönsaari) already for 35 years. The locality is situated in the archipelago of SW Finland (Varsinais-Suomi). The species was found for the first time in 1980 and since then it has been observed annually. The number of individuals has varied from 20 to 40. The habitat is a meadow and a rock near an old building and the attached garden. The species is classified as vulnerable in Finland (Åland Islands); on the mainland it is a neophyte. There are approximately 10 known stands on the Åland Islands. In addition to the present locality, there have been casual finds from 1887, 1988 and 2012 in mainland Finland, and one extant locality. – Panu Kunttu
      • The stand of Toothwort Lathraea squamaria in Tordalen (or Todalen) in the village of Dalsbruk is the most prolific in Finland. Dalsbruk is situated in the archipelago of SW Finland (Varsinais-Suomi). In May 2015 altogether 2 311 flowering shoots were counted in a small herb-rich forest dominated by Corylus avellana. The area of the stand was only 0.2 hectares. Nowadays there are about 40 stands of Toothwort in Finland but there are data on the number of shoots from only 15 localities. The second most prolific stand after Dalsbruk is situated in Klevbackaberget in Siuntio (Uusimaa) where 500–1000 flowering shoots were counted in 1989. – Panu Kunttu

      Books – Lutukka 31(4): 126.

      • Parnela, A. & Arkkio, H. 2015: Kissakalliolta Illeröömiin. Pirkanmaan kalliosammaltutkimus. [In Finnish with English summary (p. 231): The Bryophyte Flora of the Rock Outcrops in Pirkanmaa, SW-Finland; mosses on pp. 50–177; hepatics on pp. 178–218.] – Timo Koponen

      Numero 3/2015
      • Piirainen, M.: Hei, me muutetaan! 66
      • Pykälä, J.: Tuulenkaatopuiden paljastaman maan unohdettu kasvisto, 67–74
      • Kemppainen, E. & Reinikainen, M.: Kasviharrastajaretkien tulevaisuus? 81
      • Saarinen, K.: Päivityksiä Etelä-Savon eteläosan uhanalaisista ja vähän muistakin, 82–95

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Saarinen, K.: Tikankontti sinnittelee Joutsenossa (EK), 74–75
      • Saarinen, K., Jantunen, J. & Vitikainen, T.: Katkeralinnunruoho Imatralla (ES) 76–77
      • Murto, R.: Yllättävä pyörösätkinkukinta Lohjan Outamonjärvellä (V), 78–80

      Summaries (in English)

      Pykälä, J. 2015: Tuulenkaatopuiden paljastaman maan unohdettu kasvisto. – Lutukka 31(3): 67–74.

      Forgotten forest flora of soils exposed by uprooted wind-fallen trees

      Soil exposed by uprooted fallen trees is a common and important phenomenon in natural forests. Due to intensive forestry fallen uprooted trees are uncommon and their importance for vascular plants has been neglected. Flora of 25 large, young (< 2 years old) soil patches exposed by uprooted Picea abies in herb-rich forests were studied in Lohja, SW Finland. Altogether 108 herbaceous vascular plant species were found, which probably grew to the exposed patches from seeds or spores. It seems that many species are able to grow in small gaps exposed by a single or a few uprooted trees inside herb-rich forests. Many species considered as archaeophytes in Finland (e.g. Campanula patula, Carex leporina, Hypericum maculatum, Trifolium repens, Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. serpyllifolia) were common in such places, and they are apparently native forest species, which depend on disturbances exposing soil. Most of these species typically have a long-term persistent seed bank, but several others have effective wind-dispersal of propagules.


      Saarinen, K. 2015: Päivityksiä Etelä-Savon eteläosan uhanalaisista ja vähän muistakin. – Lutukka 31(3): 82–95.

      Rechecking old habitats of the threatened flora in SE Finland

      Between 1984 and 1990, as a young and fresh botanist, I collected a few rare vascular plant species in the area of Lappeenranta, SE Finland, biogeographical Province of South Savo. Most of them are nowadays evaluated as threatened. In the years 2014 and 2015, I revisited some of the localities, where almost all the species were still present. Most amazingly, Epipactis palustris (EN) had survived in a meadow ditched already in 1994, yet the habitat has turned into a dry and shady bushland. Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. polyphylla (CR) has markedly increased on the island of Hyötiö, where also probably the first populations of Rumex hydrolapathum in the Lake Saimaa area are known from. Trifolium montanum (NT) still grew along the old railway, accompanied by Rumex confertus and many other eastern immigrants. Carex bohemica (VU) was not seen in its two habitats in Pappilanniemi, most likely due to the high water level, but it was alive and well in a small marina in Muukonniemi. Although the last observations of Rumex maritimus (EN) in Mutalahti dated back to as far as 1998, it was now rediscovered in low numbers in the remaining parts of the bay. During the field work, some valuable localities, both new and old ones, were also checked in nearby Joutseno and Imatra. Since 2009, Ono­nis arvensis (VU) has survived in its roadside habitat although it has been mowed each year and the ditch was dug up in 2014. The regionally endangered Carex pediformis was very abundant on the island of Muukonsaari, accompanied by Galium triflorum and some other rarities. A population of Carlina biebersteinii (EN) in Imatra, already known in the 1870s, was still alive. The species was also observed in a small village in Joutseno where it has been recorded only twice before, both records dating back to 1929.


      Floristic notes – Lutukka 31(3): 74–80

      • The only population of Cypripedium calceolus in the biogeographical Province of South Karelia, SE Finland, has thrived from the first observation in 1962 to the summer of 2015 in the same luxurious spruce grove. In 2015, there were 12 fertile and six sterile shoots in the same two different stands which have been known for at least 25 years. Unfortunately the other northern rarity in the site, Equisetum scirpoides, has most likely disappeared since its last records date back to 1978. – Kimmo Saarinen
      • Nowadays only a couple of surviving populations of Polygala amarella are known in the mainland Finland. In 2014, we discovered the species under a power line in Imatra, biogeographical Province of South Savo, SE Finland. The habitat was rechecked in June 2015, resulting in some 60 fertile plants counted in the semi-open spots dispersed in a willow thicket along the path. Open and moist habitat patches were inhabited by Carex viridula, Ajuga pyramidalis, Succisa pratensis and Alchemilla hirsuticaulis, among others. According to the Atlas of the Distribution of Vascular Plants in Finland, there are several older records of the species in Imatra between the years 1876 and 1934. It is thus possible that we rediscovered some old meadow population. Open meadow spots in the site are indicative of the grazing or mowing history, but during the last decades, the coppicing of the path has been the only management action. As a small plant, Polygala amarella is still mostly threatened by densely growing willows. – Kimmo Saarinen, Juha Jantunen & Tiina Vitikainen
      • Ranunculus circinatus grew and flowered in exceptional volumes in Lake Outamojärvi at Lohja, biogeographical Province of Varsinais-Suomi in late summer 2015. Plants reached the surface from the depth of more than three meters in this clear-water lake. The dense colonies impeded the growth of more common aquatics like Potamogeton gramineus, P. perfoliatus and Nuphar lutea. In the author’s opinion, one reason for the phenomenon could be the climatic change. Heavy autumn rains, mild winters and even winter-time rain have caused exceptionally high rates of diffuse nutrient loads especially from the surrounding fields. – Risto Murto

      Numero 2/2015
      • Piirainen, M.: Lajitieto nettiin, s. 34
      • Kääntönen, M.: Ahosilmäruohopaikkojen seurantaa ja hoitoa Pirkanmaalla, s. 35–43
      • Pitkänen-Heikkilä, K. & Salo, V.: Tieteen termipankki tarvitsee kasviharrastajia, s. 45–48
      • Särkkä, J.: Keski-Pohjanmaalle uusia alkuperäiskasveja ja muinaistulokkaita, s. 49–55                        

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Särkkä, J.: Inarin Lapille (InL) uusia ja harvinaisia kasveja, s. 55–56
      • Piirainen, M. & P.: Dorianvillakko karkulaisena Helsingissä (U), s. 56–57
      • Winberg, L.: Kasvihavaintoja Keravalta (U), s. 58–62
      • Virtanen, T.: Merijuurikas Mynämäessä (V), s. 62–63
      • Järvinen, V.: Läpi talven kukkiva näsiä, s. 63

      Kaksi uutta Norrliniaa, s. 44

      Summaries (in English)

      Kääntönen, M. 2015: Ahosilmäruohopaikkojen seurantaa ja hoitoa Pirkanmaalla. – Lutukka 31(2): 35–43.

      Monitoring and management of Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. fennica in Pirkanmaa, S Finland

      Most of the early records of Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. fennica from the Province of Pirkanmaa (located in the biogeographical provinces of Satakunta and South Häme) date back to the early 1900s; the first herbarium specimen was collected in 1880. Today, the species is regarded as threatened (EN) in Finland.

      The species has been monitored in Pirkanmaa since 1985. This article summarises the situation at 11 sites monitored in 2003–2014. Several of these are located in areas with extensive fluvioglacial formations, where the species has found suitable habitats on dry meadows and at the margins of arable fields on sandy soils. Overgrowing of these habitats has been rather slow after cessation of the old-fashioned agricultural practices. Euphrasia rostkoviana grows also on railway banks, e.g. at Orivesi and Juupajoki. Nardus stricta, Gentianella campestris, Gymnadenia conopsea var. conopsea, Euphrasia stricta and Calluna vulgaris have been typical accompanying species in the monitored habitats.

      Habitats of Euphrasia rostkoviana have been managed in four seminatural biotopes at Tampere, Viljakkala, Vesilahti and Nokia. The practice will be continued, although it seems that the species may have disappeared from two of the localities. The population sizes have also fluctuated. As an annual the species is dependent on regular seed yield; and sometimes pure chance, e.g. seed dispersal on tractor wheels, has influenced the population dynamics.


      Pitkänen-Heikkilä, K. & Salo, V. 2015: Tieteen termipankki tarvitsee kasviharrastajia. – Lutukka 31(2): 45–48.

      The Bank of Finnish Terminology in Arts and Sciences needs plant enthusiasts

      The Bank of Finnish Terminology in Arts and Sciences (BFT) is an infrastructure project funded by the Academy of Finland and the University of Helsinki. The aim of this project is to build up a common term database for all disciplines of sciences and arts that are practised in Finland. The database (www.tieteentermipankki.fi) is created on a Wiki platform and it is open for all kinds of users, both experts and laymen.

      Botany is one of the three pilot projects used to develop the platform. In the beginning 300 plant morphological terms were introduced and by now there are 2 616 terms included. In biology and environmental sciences, there are 5 290 and 6 009 terms, respectively.

      The terminology work is carried out mainly voluntarily by limited crowd-sourcing. The definitions and other data presented on each term’s website are produced by expert botanists but anyone can participate in the discussions about terms. The BFT is also inviting plant enthusiasts to collaborate by submitting photos or drawings which would greatly help to clarify plant morphological terms. The illustrations will be published under the same terms of Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 licence as the other contents of the term web page.


      Särkkä, J. 2015: Keski-Pohjanmaalle uusia alkuperäiskasveja ja muinaistulokkaita. – Lutukka 31(2): 49–55.

      Noteworthy finds of a few indigenous plants and archaeophytes in Central Ostrobothnia

      During the systematic floristic inventory of the province of Central Ostrobothnia some new taxa for the province have been found. They improve and correct distribution maps in the Field Flora of Finland. Alnus incana subsp. kolaënsis has been found from several localities in the northern part of the province. Most finds are from small islands in the Gulf of Bothnia and are represented by small solitary trees or shrubs. In addition sporadic hybrids with A. incana subsp. incana occur in the province. A thriving population of Cardamine amara, several sq km wide, was found in Kokkola town, beside the Perhonjoki river. This population is one of the northernmost for the species in Finland. Salix repens subsp. rosmarinifolia belongs to a difficult group of willows. Some new finds are reported from the inland parts of the province, while on the coast Salix repens var. argentata is common. Their intermediates are morphologically very variable and they are frequent in overlapping areas. Many of the old localities of Drosera intermedia in Central Ostrobothnia have disappeared due to drying of peatlands. However, there is still a vigorous population in a large bog area in Kokkola town, Kälviä. Pedicularis palustris subsp. opsiantha was probably omitted in many earlier inventories, but since 2000 the taxon has been found from almost a dozen localities in Central Ostrobothnia, mostly from poor fens and fens adjacent to ponds. Further finds are expected. A well-established population of Picris hieracioides in Lehtimäki parish indicates that the species is in the province as an arcaheophyte rather than as a more recent introduction. A rare sedge, Carex atherodes, was found in 2005 as new for the province; however, the colony along a ditch in forest was very small and not thriving as well as in 2014.


      Floristic notes – Lutukka 31(2): 55–63.

      • Cardamine flexuosa, Cardamine hirsuta, Rorippa sylvestris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Galinsoga ciliata, Solanum nigrum and Veronica peregrina subsp. peregrina are reported as new aliens in the biogeographical province of Inari Lapland. They were found in 2010 at Ivalo in a nursery in the village centre or in a refuse disposal station a few kilo­metres south of the village. Myosotis sylvatica and Sorbaria sorbifolia were found in the latter place, both of them for the second time in the province. – Jari Särkkä
      • Senecio doria is reported from a dryish railway verge in the city centre of Helsinki, where it grows as an escape from the near-by Botanic Garden. One plant was found in 2012. It has flowered annually and seems to make good seed but has not spread in its habitat. This is the first known record of the species as an escape in Finland. – Mikko & Pirkko Piirainen
      • Some interesting vascular plant records are presented from Kerava town in the central inland of the biogeographical province of Uusimaa. Sorghum halepense and Arctium lappa were found in front of a corner shop. S. halepense is a casual alien in Finland, found in only 17 squares of the Finnish Vascular Plant Atlas (Kasviatlas) up to now. A. lappa is a rare archaeophyte in the southernmost parts of the country, but in Uusimaa it is only casual. Also Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium were found in the locality, both locally rare in the area. A variant of Solanum nigrum with yellowish berries was found in a small land fill area, together with e.g. Herniaria glabra, which hasn’t earlier been recorded in Kerava. Trifolium campestre and T. dubium were found as new to the town by the wall of an equestrian manège. Both are rare in Finland, the former as an established alien, the latter only casual. Geum aleppicum has been known already for a long time in Kerava; now it has been found in two localities in the town. Veronica opaca was found at the margin of a ploughed field. – Lars Winberg
      • Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima was found in the uncultivated margin of a sugar beet field at Mynämäki, SW Finland, biogeographical province of Varsinais-Suomi. The origin of the plant is unknown but may be connected to the history of the locality as a former experimental area of a sugar mill. Earlier records of the taxon in Finland are from Turku and Helsinki, the most recent one from 1965. – Tarmo Virtanen
      • Winter flowering of Daphne meze­reum is reported from Espoo (prov. Uusimaa), the southernmost part of Finland. Mild winters in the 2010s have sometimes induced flowering already in November, sometimes in March, which is exceptionally early for the locality. In the exceptionally warm winter 2014–2015 flowering began early in December and lasted until May. – Vesa Järvinen

      Numero 1/2015
      • Kurtto, A.: Korkkaa Kassu, s. 2
      • Jantunen, J. & Saarinen, K.: Sykeröpoimulehti Etelä-Karjalassa, s. 3–10
      • Kiviniemi, A.: Nurmivihvilä ja muita ihmeitä Voikkaan ratapihalla (EH), s. 13–26
      • Kettunen, T.: Kirkiruohoista Savonlinnan seudulla, s. 27–31

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Räsänen J.: Lettohernesara Juuan Ahmovaarassa (PK), s. 10–12
      • Räsänen J.: Pehmytmesiheinä Ylläksellä (KiL), s. 12

      Summaries (in English)

      Jantunen, J. & Saarinen, K. 2015: Sykeröpoimulehti Etelä-Karjalassa. – Lutukka 31(1): 3–10

      The inventory of Alchemilla hirsuticaulis habitats in South Karelia, SE Finland

      In Finland, Alchemilla hirsuticaulis is a vulnerable species, confined to the eastern parts of the country, and South Karelia in particular. Most records date back to the 1960s and 1980s. There are only four new records since 2000.

      In 2014 we inventoried 32 known localities of A. hirsuticaulis in the province of South Karelia. The plant was found from only 9 old sites; most of them were on road verges, or in semi-natural habitats and close to forest edges. One site was in a garden lawn and another in an abandoned field. A. hirsuticaulis had probably disappeared from the rest of the checked 19 sites. Most of these were overgrown or afforested meadows and field margins. Also construction and ploughing could be blamed for the destruction of some old habitats.

      In the course of the inventory, altogether 15 new populations were found although no systematic search was made. The new sites were located mainly along road verges, in meadows and in gardens. These findings indicate that A. hirsuticaulis may still be a rather common species in the Lappeenranta – Imatra region, but it has just been overlooked because flower characters need to be checked carefully. Based on information from the current habitats, the species is rather tolerant of mowing of road verges and lawns, and it also tolerates some shading. There are probably many local populations of A. hirsuticaulis yet to be discovered in South Karelia.


      Kiviniemi, A. 2015: Nurmivihvilä ja muita ihmeitä Voikkaan ratapihalla (EH). – Lutukka 31(1): 13–26

      Juncus tenuis and other aliens in Voikkaa railway yard, SE Finland

      Voikkaa is a small population centre located in Kouvola town, SE Finland. Voikkaa railway yard was built in the early 1900s to serve the local pulp and paper mills. It has an area of ca. 20 hectares. Timber was imported mainly from the neighbouring areas of the former Soviet Union and later Russia, coal also from more distant areas. The mills were closed down in 2006, and much of the former railway yard with its storage areas is becoming overgrown.

      At first glance the railway yard doesn’t look very interesting but it is worth a closer examination. The author visited the area repeatedly in 2006–2014, and the field lists include more than 300 vascular plant species. A strange assortment of alien taxa has appeared in the area over time.

      Asarum europaeum, ­Campanula latifolia and Symphytum officinale were probably early invaders in the storage field. Also e.g. Cirsium oleraceum, Lotus corniculatus var. fallax and Veronica longifolia growing by the coal track probably arrived even earlier. Among other early incomers are many species common in several railway areas in S Finland, e.g. Artemisia campestris, Chaenorhinum minus, Medigaco lupulina, Trifolium arvense and T. aureum, which have also spread to the actual mill areas in Voikkaa. Anthemis tinctoria, Hyoscyamus niger, Melilotus albus and Verbascum thapsus probably came with waste soil.

      Imported Russian timber has had a strong influence on the floristic composition of the vegetation in Voikkaa railway yard. A large quantity of birch timber was imported from Russia in spring 2008 before a rise in customs duties. The timber was stored in the railway yard and all storage areas in the surroundings for a whole year. A large number of viable seeds were probably shed from the bark. After this the area was graded with bulldozers in August 2009, which may also have brought seeds to the soil surface from an older seed bank.

      In summer 2010 Cytisus scoparius, Dianthus deltoides, Genista tinctoria and Jasione montana were found in the railway yard for the first time. Subsequent summers brought still more new taxa, many of which were difficult for an amateur botanist to identify. Among them were Anisantha tectorum, Carex hirta, Corynephorus canescens, Gypsophila muralis, Juncus tenuis, Lactuca serriola, Scleranthus perennis and Torilis japonica.

      It is difficult to judge the sources of the alien flora imported with Russian timber in 2008. Many of the species growing at the sites of the timber storage heaps could have their origin partly from the surroundings of St. Petersburg, and partly from more remote areas in Central Russia closer to Moscow, although some taxa, e.g. Cytisus scoparius and Genista tinctoria, grow mainly in more southern areas.


      Kettunen, T. 2015: Kirkiruohoista Savonlinnan seudulla. – Lutukka 31(1): 27–31

      Two kinds of Gymnadenia conopsea (Orchidaceae) in Savonlinna area, SE Finland

      Eight populations of Gymnadenia conopsea were studied in 2012 and 2014 in Savonlinna town and the neighbouring Rantasalmi parish. Four of the populations represented tall, white-flowered plants (in total 86 individuals) and the others smaller, red-flowered plants (69 individuals). The height of plants, length of spikes, number of flowers and width of the second lowest leaf were measured, and the period of maximum flowering was estimated on the basis of regular counts on each individual of the number of buds, flowers in full bloom and flowers starting to wither. Plants in the white-flowered populations were markedly taller, with greater number of flowers and longer inflorescences and their maximum flowering occurred in mid-July, 7–10 days later than in the red-flowered populations. The morphological characters measured of the white-flowered populations match quite well measurements from Central European populations, determined as G. densiflora, in this paper treated as G. conopsea subsp. densiflora. However, white flower colour is not considered indicative for G. densiflora in Central Europe. The morphological characters measured for red-flowered plants match G. conopsea s.str. Also the difference in the flowering time between the two taxa is notable, even though smaller in Savonlinna than in more southern areas. On the other hand, no clear ecological differences seem to occur in Savonlinna between the red- and white-flowered populations, but in spite of that they have remained distinct.


      Floristic notes – Lutukka 31(1): 10–12

      • Two of the three known old localities of Carex viridula var. bergrothii in North Karelia were checked in 2014 but the sedge was not found owing to the drying of the sites. Instead, a new site was found in an old soapstone quarry, and so the survival of the taxon in North Karelia was confirmed. The thriving colony, 25 m long and 0.5–5 m wide, was growing on a wet path and in a depression leading to the edge of a pond. – Juhani Räsänen
      • An established small colony of Holcus mollis was found in 2014 from Kittilä Lapland, from Ylläs Fjell, beside a path under the ski lift. Recently this grass has been increasingly found from Finland, even in Lapland. The new find is so far the northernmost known locality in Lapland. – Juhani Räsänen

      Vuosikerran 30 sisältö (2014)


      Numero 1/2014
      • Piirainen, M.: Kevättä ilmassa, s. 2
      • Uotila, P.: Isovesirikkokeruiden historiaa, s. 3–15
      • Marjakangas, E.-L. & Raatikainen, K. J.: Noidanlukot suurennuslasin alla, s. 16–24
      • Kääntönen, M.: Metsälitukan kasvupaikan muutoksia Virroilla, s. 25–28
      • Särkkä, J.: Muukalaistädyke Suomessa, s. 29–31

      Summaries (in English)

      Uotila, P. 2014: Isovesirikkokeruiden historiaa. – Lutukka 30(1): 3–15

      The history of the Finnish herbarium collections of Elatine alsinastrum

      All herbarium specimens of Elatine alsinastrum (Elatinaceae) collected from Finland were studied from 8 Finnish, 5 Swedish and 6 Norwegian main herbaria. There are few specimens from the 1700s and early 1800s and almost all are in Swedish herbaria UPS, S and LD. They were sent to Sweden directly by the collectors or by professors of the Royal Academy of Turku, at that time the only university in Finland and enjoying close contacts with Uppsala. Obviously there were several specimens also in the herbarium of the Academy, but the herbarium, as well as most of the university, was burnt down in the Great Fire of Turku in 1827.

      About half of the herbarium sheets represent different collections (differing in place, date or collector), and the others are duplicates. Practically all specimens were collected by Finns. The main collectors and the distribution of their specimens in Nordic Herbaria are listed. Elatine alsinastrum is a Finnish rarity among Nordic vascular plants and therefore much collected, so the numbers of specimens/sheets in Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian herbaria are exceptionally large, altogether 658 sheets. The numerous duplicate specimens were collected for the Exchange Club of Herbarium Specimens in Helsinki in the 1880s–1910s and for similar clubs in Sweden. They were mostly distributed to the members of the clubs, who, or their heirs, later donated the specimens to official herbaria. Reduced collecting due to the First and Second World Wars can be seen, and later collecting activity decreased generally. The slightly greater number of specimens from the 1980s and 1990s is due to floristic studies by the Botanical Society in Tampere and to the compiling of inventories of threatened plants. The gradual decrease of E. alsinastrum specimens also reflects the rapidly increased rarity of the species, which is caused by severe changes in land use and the abandonment of old agricultural practices, which created small, more or less temporary puddles, pools, ditches and other water bodies suitable for the species.


      Marjakangas, E.-L. & Raatikainen, K. J. 2014: Noidanlukot suurennuslasin alla. – Lutukka 30(1): 16–24

      Moonworts under the microscope

      The seven species of moonworts (genus Botrychium of family Ophioglossaceae) occurring in Finland are all declining. Five of the species are red-listed and two species are classified as near-threatened in the 2010 Red List of Finnish species. The most important reason behind the endangerment is habitat overgrowing and loss caused by the cessation of traditional management of meadows which has led to the fragmentation of moonwort populations and reduced the sizes of remaining populations. Beside traditional rural biotopes, moonworts are also met in natural habitats with regular disturbance (e.g. flood shores and fell meadows). Gathering follow-up data of the species and their populations is difficult since the species are very inconspicuous in their appearance, and there is great variation in the emergence of individuals between the growing seasons. In a new research project conducted in the University of Jyväskylä data of moonwort occurrences is collected in order to estimate the perceptivity, population dynamics, and the probability of extinction debt facing the populations of the Finnish species.


      Kääntönen, M. 2014: Metsälitukan kasvupaikan muutoksia Virroilla. – Lutukka 30(1): 25–28

      Cardamine flexuosa in Virrat, South Häme

      Cardamine flexuosa is rare and endangered in Finland. It has only eight extant localities in the country. It was found in the municipality of Virrat, South Häme in 1998, on wet and soft spring-effected surfaces on the lower slope of the Ylisenhuhdanmäki hill. In 2003, another stand was found along a spring brook on a stretch of ca. 200 m. The population size was estimated to be ca. 700 plants. Because the species is under strict protection in Finland, a nature reserve was created to protect the population. Nevertheless, a forest cut was extended to the locality in 2013, and more trees were felled by the wind. Part of the population was thus exposed to full sun, and part of the spring waters were now running away from the plants in a newly excavated ditch. Cardamine flexuosa was now growing on a stretch of ca. 20 m, the population size had decreased to ca. 180 plants, and the population was threatened by extinction in spite of the protection. In the vicinity, also Carex appropinquata and C. acutiformis grow as relics of a warmer climatic period, similarly depending on nutrient-rich spring waters. Their habitats are situated inside a Natura 2000 area.


      Särkkä, J. 2014: Muukalaistädyke Suomessa. – Lutukka 30(1): 29–31

      Veronica peregrina in Finland

      Veronica peregrina has been known as a weed in the Botanic Garden of the university in Helsinki 1907–1953 and again since 1990. Both ssp. peregrina and ssp. xalapensis and their hybrid are known from the garden, but most herbarium specimens belong to the latter subspecies. Since 1999, the species has been found in  14 localities in the biogeographical provinces of Varsinais-Suomi, Uusimaa, Satakunta, North Savo, Central Ostrobothnia and Inari Lapland, representing 13 squares of the 10 × 10 km2 grid used for floristic mapping in Finland. The species seems to be spreading from and between market gardens and nurseries, where most records have been made. All the new findings represent ssp. peregrina.


      Numero 2/2014
      • Uotila, P.: Tietoja Retkeilykasvion uuteen painokseen! s. 34
      • Särkkä, J.: Lehtotaponlehden luontainen esiintymä Uudellamaalla, s. 35–36
      • Hinneri, S.: Ketohanhikin alalajit eteläisellä Selkämerellä, s. 37–46
      • Hinneri, S.: Keltalehdokki leviää eteläisen Selkämeren saaristoihin, s. 47–51
      • Ranta, P.: Keravan punakämmekät uuteen kotiin – kokemuksia siirtoistutuksesta, s. 52–55
      • Ahokas, H.: Tellima kotiutumassa viljelykarkulaisena Etelä-Suomeen? s. 56–59
      • Räsänen, J.: Lasten suusta, s. 62–63
      • Kansallinen vieraslajiportaali avautui, s. 63

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Häyhä, T.: Hovi, A. 2010, Lahden kasvisto, s. 59–60
      • Piirainen, M.: Väre, H. & Keynäs, K. 2013, Hangon kasvisto – etelän aarre, s. 61

      Summaries (in English)

      Särkkä, J. 2014: Lehtotaponlehden luontainen esiintymä Uudellamaalla. – Lutukka 30(2): 35–36

      A native occurrence of Asarum europaeum in the biogeographical province of Uusimaa

      Native occurrences of Asarum europaeum have been known only from one limited area in Finland, in the municipality of Iitti, South Häme. The distribution area covers in total ca. 50 hectares in five subareas along the valleys of River Taasianjoki and its tributaries. The area is in the proximity to the border between the biogeographical provinces of South Häme and Uusimaa, but the species has not been found from the latter province in spite of several attempts.

      The species is here reported as native from the municipality of Elimäki, Uusimaa. The locality is situated ca. 3 km away from the closest occurrences in Iitti. Asarum grows here in several dozen patches at the area of ca. 2 hectares. The habitat is very similar to that in the earlier known localities, i.e. luxuriant spruce forest with several exacting vascular plant species.

      Asarum is also commonly cultivated in Finland. It has been reported as an escape from or remnant of cultivation in several places in Uusimaa, as well as the provinces of Varsinais-Suomi, South Häme, South Ostrobothnia and Oulu Ostrobothnia.


      Hinneri, S. 2014: Ketohanhikin alalajit eteläisellä Selkämerellä. – Lutukka 30(2): 37–46

      The subspecies of Potentilla anserina in the archipelago of southern Bothnian Sea

      The silverweed (Potentilla anserina) consists of two subspecies in the archipelago and coastal areas of southern Bothnian Sea: ssp. anserina, a widespread plant of temperate origin growing in natural and man-made habitats, and ssp. groenlandica, a hemerophobic plant of arctic origin confined to exposed sites of outermost islands.

      The subspecies groenlandica is ecologically confined to a narrow belt between seaside meadows rich in halophytes and suprasaline salt-sensitive crowberry and juniper heaths. This subspecies prefers surf shores having gravel layers intermingled with sand and organic debris.

      Whereas ssp. groenlandica is self-compatible, it is pollen donator in the direction to the self-incompatible ssp. anserina. Owing to this one-way gene flow the former will stay invariable and will have a narrow ecological amplitude, but the latter has developed into a multiform plant occuring in a great variety of habitats.

      At the first sight, the morphological variation of anserina populations seems to be of random nature. Population analyses made along transects from a coastland area through the archipelago zones will reveal a continuous chain of fairly similar growth forms growing in seaside meadows. This biotype is detectable on roadsides and other man-made sites of old villages, too.

      A careful analysis of diagnostic features will detect that plants of coastal areas are fairly intact whereas many populations in the outer archipelago are contaminated by ssp. groenlandica. The seashore meadow ecotype, in this broad sense, is the basic biotype of ssp. anserina originating in early Post-glacial period (Rousi 1965), but, in addition, there are some phenotypically distinguishable ecotypes or local races confined to marginal biotopes: (1) a large- and upright-leaved ecotype of stone-rich shores having hollows filled by drift soil and organic litter; it is a common race from continent to outermost islands (2) a slender, prostrate and very narrow-leaved ecotype of recently deposited seaside sands (3) a glossy and thin-leaved ecotype of drift sand and plant litter deposits at the upper edge of seaside meadows.

      In addition there are detectable growth forms representing random variation, but the amount of such populations may be tolerable.


      Hinneri, S. 2014: Keltalehdokki leviää eteläisen Selkämeren saaristoihin. – Lutukka 30(2): 47–51

      Platanthera chlorantha spreading northward in the southern Gulf of Bothnia

      Greater butterfly orchid (Platanthera chlorantha) is known as characteristic of wooded meadows with ash (Fraxinus excelsior), maple (Acer platanoides) and hazel (Corylus avellana) in the SW archipelago of Finland, especially in Åland. On uninhabited, rocky islands of outer archipelago areas, especially in the northern part of its range, the orchid is to be found also in large crevices, weathering deposits under rocky walls and between stones on hillsides provided the sites have nutrient-rich crumb or litter mull covering.

      Owing to the recent warming up and prolongation of growing seasons Greater butterfly orchid is spreading northward into the archipelagos of the southern Bothnian Sea. The extension of the range of the ash woods and the orchid will take place hand in hand so that the recently realized protection program of ash-rich woods is able to include all occurrences of the species.

      Excluding the autonomous province of Åland, the Greater butterfly orchid is protected in Finland. This is important due to the very small amount of flowering plants in the great majority of its occurrences. On the other hand, the orchid is not a threatened species, since it prefers uninhabited, rather small islands accessible only with difficulty. In addition, the orchid populations are in small glades in the depths of woods or shrub thickets, sometimes also in hollows of rocky slopes.


      Ranta, P. 2014: Keravan punakämmekät uuteen kotiin – kokemuksia siirtoistutuksesta. – Lutukka 30(2): 52–55

      Finding a new home for Early Marsh-orchid in Kerava, Southern Finland

      Early Marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza incarnata) is relatively common in Northern Finland, but rare in the south. A new locality was found in 1997 in connection with the floristic survey of the town of Kerava (biogeographical province of Uusimaa). The new urban locality – a humid roadside meadow is not typical for the species, which normally grows in fens and mires.

      Monitoring of the new locality started immediately. Encroaching Salix bushes were identified as a threat for the orchid and yearly thinning out of the bushes was started. The management proved to be effective and the number of orchids started to increase.

      However, the National Road Administration announced a plan to widen the road and the survival of the locality became uncertain. It was decided to transplant the orchids to a new locality. Finally a suitable locality – brookside with a small pond – was found a few kilometres south of the old one. In June 2009 the orchids were transplanted.

      The transplanted orchids have survived the first five years in the new locality with some fluctuations. The year 2012 was critical because of the flooding of the brook. Most of the plants were submerged, but this was more of a problem for the botanists than plants. More individuals were found already the next year. Also in this new locality the fight against the Salix bushes is necessary.

      A new and more flexible and pragmatic approach is needed for transplantation of endangered plants. The administrative ”red tape” has to be reconsidered.


      Ahokas, H. 2014: Tellima kotiutumassa viljelykarkulaisena Etelä-Suomeen? – Lutukka 30(2): 56–59

      Occurrences of Tellima grandiflora in southern Finland

      A previously unknown occurrence of Tellima grandiflora, a North American species, was shown in a luxuriant forest environment in Medvastö, Kirkkonummi (Uusimaa) in the S coastal Finland. The species has probably arrived unintentionally and occurred there possibly since the early 1900s. Spread by seeds from ornamentals, T. grandiflora was additionally found in Espoo and Helsinki (Uusimaa). The first known occurrence of T. grandiflora, naturalized in a luxuriant forest on Island Kakskerta (Varsinais-Suomi) was described in 1949. The species was also found in Vantaa (Uusimaa) in 2000. In the course of time, T. grandiflora has potential to become an established alien species in Finland. It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental and it has been found to thrive as far north as Oulu. It produces plentiful seeds, which, moreover, can apparently stay long dormant when deep in soil.


      Books – Lutukka 30(2): 59–61

      • Hovi, A. 2010: Lahden kasvisto. – Teppo Häyhä
      • Väre, H. & Keynäs, K. 2013: Hangon kasvisto – etelän aarre. – Mikko Piirainen

      Numero 3/2014
      • Uotila, P.: Kasvihavaintoja Lutukkaan, s. 66
      • Rautapää, M.: Kesämaksaruohosta kurhoon, kilometri maantien reunaa Luhangassa, s. 67–76
      • Väre, H.: Kaaripiippo ja tankeapiippo – arvoituksellinen lajipari, s.  77–83
      • Järvinen, V.: Virginianmansikka Uudellamaalla – entä muualla Suomessa? s. 84–85
      • Saarinen, K., Miettinen, E. & Jantunen, J.: Itäisiä tulokkaita Imatralla: imeläkurjenherne ja siperiankurjenpolvi, s. 86–88
      • Hæggström, C.-A. & Hæggström, E.: Myöhään kukkivia kasveja Ahvenanmaalla, s. 89–93
      • Uusin Norrlinia: Sienet ja metsien luontoarvot, s. 95

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Vilpa, E.: Ranta, P. 2014, Villit vihreät kaupungit. Suomen kaupunkikasvio, s. 93–94

      Summaries (in English)

      Rautapää, M.: 2014: Kesämaksaruohosta kurhoon, kilometri maantien reunaa Luhangassa. – Lutukka 30(3): 67–76

      Several threatened species found from the sides of a one-kilometer-long stretch of road in Central Finland

      A survey of the roadside flora was conducted in Central Finland in 2005–2009, and a special hot-spot area for threatened and rare species was found in Luhanka Parish, near the centre of the parish. After the survey the most interesting site, a stretch of road one kilo­meter long, has been visited regularly since 2010. During these inventories several new threatened species were found from roadsides, including Cyno­glossum officinale, Jasione montana and Carlina biebersteinii. Other interesting species include Anthemis tinctoria, Bunias orientalis, Campanula cervicaria, C. trachelium, Dianthus deltoides, Echium vulgare, Epipactis helleborine, Lathyrus sylvestris, Myrrhis odo­rata, Sedum annuum, Trifolium aureum and T. spadiceum.

      Individuals of Carlina biebersteinii were unusually lush with branched stems and many heads, up to 37, prompting the question whether the plants might be of foreign origin. Moreover the number of threatened and rare species found in this relatively small area is exceptionally high, raising the further question of the origin of all of these species. There is no direct evidence for seed banks, self-dispersal or deliberate sowing. The road was improved in late 2010 but the majority of the species already existed before that. An optical cable was inserted in the roadside in late 2012 and this accelerated dispersal of the species. The gardens of the houses nearby have not been examined for planted species. Some local inhabitants have been questioned but no evidence of deliberate sowing emerged.

      The roadside is quite luxuriant over a much greater distance and the forests beside the road also host several interesting vascular plants. In addition, several threatened moss species, almost certainly not sown, have been found in the area. Apparently the bedrock is very favourable for plants. The real cause of the rich flora remains unknown.


      Väre, H. 2014: Kaaripiippo ja tankeapiippo – arvoituksellinen lajipari. – Lutukka 30(3): 77–83

      Luzula arcuata and L. confusa (Juncaceae) – a cryptic pair of species in North Finland

      Luzula arcuata and L. confusa are closely related species, which have an extensive sympatric distribution in subarctic and arctic regions, and also in Finland. They have often been treated as subspecies, as in the latest Field Flora of Finland, but as species in most recent major floras. Sterile hybrids with deformed inflorescences and capsules and very poor seed production are common in Finland. On these grounds it is proposed that L. arcuata and L. confusa should be treated as separate species. The new morphological and ecological descriptions of the species are based on Finnish herbarium specimens and literature.

      Especially in older field and literature records these taxa have been generally identified as Luzula arcuata s.lat. and only some of them have been documented by herbarium specimens. Accordingly a combined distribution map including both L. arcuata and L. confusa is given. Since the year 2000 I have kept the taxa separate in my field work in the far northwest of Finland, where both species are frequent and abundant. The Finnish distributions of both species are given on maps based on the herbarium specimens and my field data since 2000.


      Järvinen, V.  2014: Virginianmansikka Uudellamaalla – entä muualla Suomessa? – Lutukka 30(3): 84–85

      New find of naturalized Fragaria virginiana from the Helsinki Region of Finland

      The second find of naturalized Fragaria virginiana in the Helsinki Region is reported from Vantaa. Further finds from Southern Finland are expected, and the author encourages field botanists to pay attention to remnants of abandoned and escaped cultivated garden strawberries.


      Saarinen, K., Miettinen, E. & Jantunen, J. 2014: Itäisiä tulokkaita Imatralla: imeläkurjenherne ja siperiankurjenpolvi. – Lutukka 30(3): 86–88

      Astragalus glycyphyllos and Geranium sibiricum as railway immigrants in Imatra, South-East Finland

      Two small but fertile stands of Astragalus glycyphyllos were found in August 2014 in the freight station Immola in Imatra, SE Finland. This critically endangered species of special conservation concern has only two indigenous populations in Finland, but it is known as an introduced apophyte in managed habitats such as landfills and road verges. We suppose that the new population at Imatra, near the eastern border of Finland, is most likely due to immigration of seeds from Russia. Geranium sibiricum, another eastern railway immigrant, was noted at the same time in the main railway station at Imatra, some eight kilometres southwest of Immola. Both species have only some ten previous records each from Finland.


      Hæggström, C.-A. & Hæggström, E. 2014: Myöhään kukkivia kasveja Ahvenanmaalla. – Lutukka 30(3): 89–93

      Late-flowering vascular plants in the Åland Islands, South-West Finland

      Fairly warm late autumns and early winters (November – January) occur every now and then in SW Finland. We observed vascular plants in flower during two periods, 31 December 2006 to 1 January 2007 and 29 December 2013 to 1 January 2014. During the first period 12 and during the latter period 30 flowering taxa were seen. In all, 32 taxa were recorded. Two of them were garden plants and two garden escapes. More than half of the taxa were weeds and ruderals. Seven taxa are common meadow plants and one, Ranunculus ficaria, is mainly a species of lush deciduous stands. The most common plants in flower were Poa annua and Stellaria media. Other common taxa were Lamium album, Senecio vulgaris, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Taraxacum spp. The most spectacular species were Euphorbia peplus, Veronica persica, Cardamine hirsuta and Ranunculus ficaria. In both periods the fairly warm weather ended after the 10th of January. Most of these taxa have already been recorded in other publications as flowering in South Finland during warm late autumns and early winters.


      Books – Lutukka 30(3): 93–94
      • Ranta, P. 2014: Villit vihreät kaupungit. Suomen kaupunkikasvio. – Erkki Vilpa

      Numero 4/2014
      • Uotila, P.: Lutukkaa kolmekymmentä vuotta, s. 98
      • Kunttu, P.: Suomen suurin vuorimunkkiesiintymä Kemiönsaaren Taalintehtaalla, s. 99–103
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Kesän 2014 kasvihavaintoja länsirannikolta ja Hämeenlinnasta, s. 104–109
      • Ranta, P.: Luhtaorvokki palautettiin Tampereelle, s. 110–113
      • Haatanen, M., Ali-Raatikainen, M. & Klemola, H.: Kesän 2014 Luonnonkukkien päivän retkillä haisteltiin valkolehdokkia, s. 114–116
      • Uotila, P.: Hattulan Lehijärven näkinpartaisia ja muita vesikasveja, s. 117–122
      • Saarinen, K. & Kotanen, E.: Juurtokaislan ensilöytö Etelä-Savossa – lintujen tuliaisia Kannakselta? s. 124–126

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Nurmi, J. & Pulkkinen, L.: Piurun kasvaminen Pohjois-Karjalassa varmistui, s. 122–123

      Summaries (in English)

      Kunttu, P. 2014: Suomen suurin vuorimunkkiesiintymä Kemiönsaaren Taalintehtaalla. – Lutukka 30(4): 99–103

      The largest population of Sheep’s bit scabious (Jasione montana) in Finland

      The largest population of Jasione montana in Finland is at the village of Dalsbruk on the island of Kimitoön in south-western Finland. The occurrence has been known since 1853. The distribution and abundance of the species were studied at Dalsbruk during the summer and autumn of 2014. Altogether 1166 individuals were found at 15 separate growing sites, all of which were rocky and dry grassland patches facing south and south-west. The number of extant occurrences in Finland is about 50, but the population is declining, e.g., because of overgrowth of meadows, house construction and mechanical wear of soil and bedrock. J. montana has been classified as vulnerable in Finland.


      Kämäräinen, H. 2014: Kesän 2014 kasvihavaintoja länsirannikolta ja Hämeenlinnasta. – Lutukka 30(4): 104–109

      Floristic notes from the provinces of Varsinais-Suomi, Satakunta and South Häme of Finland

      Lactuca tatarica has been growing in Turku Region since 2013, along the railway in the harbour of Naantali Granary. This is the first known find of the species in the province of Varsinais-Suomi. The accompanying species include Amsinckia micrantha, Lappula squarrosa, Consolida regalis and Sisymbrium loeselii.

      A colony several square metres wide of Rumex thyrsiflorus was found in 2014 in St Pori, Reposaari, in an old ballast area, together with, e.g., Cichorium endivia. R. thyrsiflorus was not previously known from Reposari.

      Cichorium intybus has been growing at least since the early 2000s in South-Häme, Hämeenlinna, close to the railway station. It can be considered established there on a gravel bank, as well as in some other places along the railway banks in the vicinity.

      Trifolium dubium was found in 2014 for the second time in Hämeenlinna and in the Province of South-Häme. A colony several meters long was growing along the roadside, on a stone wall.


      Ranta, P. 2014: Luhtaorvokki palautettiin Tampereelle. – Lutukka 30(4): 110–113

      Reintroduction of an endangered violet, Viola uliginosa, in Tampere, Finland

      Viola uliginosa is a strictly protected, endangered species in Finland at the northern limit of its distribution. It was found in Finland as early as 1851. Subsequently the number of coexistent localities increased to fourteen in the 1940s but then the decline began and has continued until today, with now only six localities remaining in Finland. One of the losses was the locality in the city of Tampere, where Viola uligi­nosa flourished in the 1930s. In spite of the species being protected a house was built on the site, and the violet disappeared in 1975. However, part of the population was transplanted elsewhere and it has survived ex situ until today in the Botanical Garden of the University of Oulu. The idea of reintroducing the species in Tampere began to attract support, and finally in 2013 seeds were collected for germination in Kumpula Botanic Garden (Helsinki). The results were more than satisfactory and in September 2014 forty luxuriant seedlings were transported back to Tampere. The site, an Alnus incana dominated flooding lakeshore, will be officially protected in 2015.


      Haatanen, M., Ali-Raatikainen, M. & Klemola, H. 2014: Kesän 2014 Luonnonkukkien päivän retkillä haisteltiin valkolehdokkia. – Lutukka 30(4): 114–116

      The Nordic Day of Wild Flowers 2014 in Finland

      The Day of Wild Flowers was held on June 15th 2014 in all Nordic countries, and for the 11th time in Finland. Almost one hundred guided botanical field excursions were organized all over the country with ca. 1700 participants. For each Day of Wild Flowers a ”species of the year” is selected, and in 2014 it was Platanthera bifolia.


      Uotila, P. 2014: Hattulan Lehijärven näkinpartaisia ja muita vesikasveja. – Lutukka 30(4): 117–122

      Finds of Charophytes and other aquatic plants in Lake Lehijärvi, South Finland

      The seven-square-kilometre Lake Lehijärvi is a Finnish lake with an exceptionally rich aquatic flora, which has been inventoried several times since 1932. The most recent inventory was in 1996. Small parts of the shores were studied in 2013 by diving and from boat or canoe, and in 2014 by wading along the shallow shores. In 2014 the main purpose was to try to find localities of the alga Chara braunii, which is rare and vulnerable in Finland. Found for the first time in the lake in 1973, C. braunii was detected in 2014 at five sites of the studied 12 stretches of shallow shore. Colonies varied between 2 and 100 plants and were located in 0–15 cm deep water on fine sand – gravel bottom with a thin ooze layer. Nitella wahlbergiana is more common than N. flexilis (coll.). In addition, Chara globularis was found in 2014 as a new record for the lake. Among vascular plants, Lemna turionifera was a new record for the lake in 2013. Potamogeton crispus has much increased since the 1990s, while on the other hand Elodea canadensis seems to have decreased.


      Saarinen, K. & Kotanen, E. 2014: Juurtokaislan ensilöytö Etelä-Savossa – lintujen tuliaisia Kannakselta? – Lutukka 30(4): 124–126

      Scirpus radicans discovered in Lappeenranta, SE Finland

      Scirpus radicans, an endangered wetland species in Finland, grows in only two remote areas in the country, in North Karelia and in the south-eastern coastal area. A small population was found in September 2014 halfway between these areas, at the town of Lappeenranta. Approximately ten tussocks were recorded from the shore of Lake Saimaa. They were growing on a new sandy cape of filling earth formed in January 2013 due to the failure and repair of the local sewage water pumping station. Based on information from the contractors, it is unlikely that the species had arrived with the soil or machinery. Thus the population may well have originated from seeds dispersed by water birds, most likely from the Vuoksi river system, where there are several populations of Scirpus radicans on the Russian side of the border. According to local residents, water birds were abundant in the melt water during the spill of sewage in the winter of 2012–13.


      Floristic notes – Lutukka 30(4): 122–123
      • The first confirmed locality of Scolochloa festucacea in North Karelia (PK/Kb) is reported from Rääkkylä parish, Ukonlahti bay of Lake Suuri-Onkamo. The locality is ca. 40 km from the eastern border of Finland and ca 80 km from the closest known localities on the shore of Lake Ladoga in Russia. – Jaakko Nurmi & Leena Pulkkinen

      Vuosikerran 29 sisältö (2013)


      Numero 1/2013
      • Uotila, P.: Ryhtiä raportteihin, s. 2
      • Kekki, T.: Evakko, ruotsin roska, lapin orvokki ja pusu – täpläapinankukka pohjoisessa, s 3–7
      • Juutinen, R.: Sammalien levinneisyystaulukot päivitetty, s. 8
      • Särkkä, J.: Pikkuluikka, merihapsikka ja merihaura Perämerellä, s. 9–14
      • Uotila, P.: Kaarlo Linkola ja vesikasvitutkimuksemme historiaa, s. 15–27
      • Alanko, P.: Mikrosieniä keräämään kasviharrastuksen lomassa, s. 28–31
      • Uusi limasienikirja (Norrlinia 25), s. 27

      Summaries (in English)

      Kekki, T. 2013: Evakko, ruotsin roska, lapin orvokki ja pusu – täpläapinankukka pohjoisessa. — Lutukka 29(1): 3–7.
      Seep Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) in North Finland

      Seep Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) is native to western North America from Alaska to northern Mexico. It was introduced as an ornamental plant in Europe in the early 1900th century. Since then it has often strayed into stream banks and other wet places all around North and Central Europe, but it has usually not been considered as a dangerous invasive species. In Finnish Lapland Seep Monkeyflower has been cultivated since the late 1900th century and especially after the Second World War. The history of Seep Monkeyflower and the ways how it has naturalized in Lapland are discussed in this article. Two new localities are reported from Rovaniemi (Outer Ostrobothnia), as new to the province.

      Juutinen, R. 2013: Sammalien levinneisyystaulukot päivitetty. — Lutukka 29(1): 8.
      An updated checklist of Finnish bryophytes

      An updated checklist of the bryophyte species in Finland with information on their distribution has been published. In this 2012 version, seven new species for the country have been added, and one species has been removed.

      Särkkä, J. 2013: Pikkuluikka, merihapsikka ja merihaura Perämerellä. — Lutukka 29(1): 9–14.
      New records of Eleocharis parvula, Ruppia maritima and Najas marina at their northern limit in Finland

      Eleocharis parvula is reported from 11 localities in the northern part of the biogeographical province of Central Ostrobotnia. The earlier northern distribution limit of the species in Finland was in the southern part of the province. The plant is difficult to find due to its tiny size and it is easily mixed up with E. acicularis. However, they seem to grow on different kinds of soils, E. acicularis on soft mud and E. parvula mostly on more sandy soils. E. parvula flowers rather rarely in the area, and it seems that flowering is connected with a prolonged lowered sea water level. The species has recently been found also in Oulu Ostrobothnia and Outer Ostrobothnia as new to these provinces (both still missing in Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998).

      Ruppia maritima and Najas marina were found in the Rahja archipelago, Kalajoki, ca. 50 and 35 km north of their earlier known northern limits. Both species are regionally threatened in the area. Ruppia was found only in one locality, as two very small colonies. Najas was found from two localities. In the other locality, the species was abundant and the colonies extend over the boundary of two floristic 10 × 10 km2 grid squares, causing two dots on distribution maps. The other occurrence was rather scares, but it seems likely that the species might be found also elsewhere in the area.

      The reason for these new finds might partly be due to the climatic change, but this is only speculation so far. As well it could be due to more systematic floristic observation in the area.

      Uotila, P. 2013: Kaarlo Linkola ja vesikasvitutkimuksemme historiaa. — Lutukka 29(1): 15–27.
      Kaarlo Linkola and history of aquatic plant studies in Finland

      Kaarlo Linkola (1888–1942), Professor of Botany in University of Helsinki in 1925–1942, launched in the early 1930’s a program to study aquatic flora and vegetation in Finnish lakes and other water bodies. Under his tutelage about a dozen graduate theses and three doctoral theses dealing with the topic were completed. He himself had studied flora and vegetation in four lakes in the archipelago near Turku already in 1908. In 1932 he studied three lakes in South Savo and in 1932 and 1935 twenty lakes in South Häme in the surroundings of the cities Hämeenlinna, Valkeakoski and Tampere.

      He made all descriptions of the South Häme lakes thorough and all in similar format, including aquatic flora of vascular plants, bryophytes and Charophytes with frequency and abundance values and description of their associations in each lake. Unfortunately, these lake descriptions remained unpublished. Later, all these lakes have been studied again, few of them even several times. However, the intervals between studies have been too long for drawing conclusions of changes which have taken place and of their reasons. In this article a list of the lakes studied by Linkola in South Häme in 1932 and 1935 is given with information on date of his field work and years of later inventories with name of researchers, and with references to most important publications dealing with the aquatic flora of the lake. Short descriptions of the aquatic flora by Linkola, with comparison to more recent inventories are given for eight lakes; the other 12 lakes have been treated in another paper in 2013 or in earlier publications.

      The lakes are mostly quite small and most of them have been lowered in the 1900s. They have been eutrophied because of the strong human impact, but some have been even naturally eutrophic. New species have spread to most of the lakes. Especially important are Typha latifolia and Elodea canadensis, which were almost unknown in the area in the 1930s, but now they are among the most dominant species in the lakes. Other new species in many lakes are Glyceria maxima, Ceratophyllum demersum, Spirodela polyrhiza, Potamogeton crispus, Riccia fluitans, Ricciocarpos natans, all telling of increased eutrophy. Also, Nymphaea spp. has become more abundant. Partially this has been due to eutrophy, but in addition because of the decline of the populations of Ondatra zibethicus. Muskrat was just introduced and rapidly colonizing the lakes in the late 1920s and early 1930s and at that time effectively fed white water lilies.

      On the other hand, especially isoetids have decreased significantly, but even some submerged species, which are not too good competitors in very eutrophic waters (Callitriche hermaphroditica, Potamogeton compressus and P. praelongus) have decreased. Of dominant species Equisetum fluviatile has lost much of its importance. Stratiotes aloides became more abundant in some lakes, but has recently decreased.

      Alanko, P. 2013: Mikrosieniä keräämään kasviharrastuksen lomassa. — Lutukka 29(1): 28–31.
      Take up collecting microfungi

      Observing and collecting microfungi is largely neglected by phanerogam botanists. However, it is a fascinating hobby, and after some practice it is rather easy to make new good finds. This article encourages and advices the readers by sharing some of the author’s experiences during the latest 10 years.


      Numero 2/2013
      • Uotila, P.: Tampereen kasvitieteellinen yhdistys 40 vuotta, s. 34
      • Suominen, J.: Talvivaaran humala ja Kivaloiden hukkapuro, s. 35–38
      • Juutinen, R., Kypärä, T., Lehkonen, E., Raatikainen, K. & Peltonen, K.: Sammalia, kalkkia ja toveruutta – Jyväskylän sammaltajat Käsivarren erämaassa, s. 39–50
      • Kunttu, P. & Kunttu, S.: Tuleeko jättituijasta haitallinen vieraslaji? Särkisalon Petun tapaus, s. 51–54
      • Satakunnan kasvit (Norrlinia 26), s. 50

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Ojala, M.: Nappikotula ja sinivihvilä Helsingin Arabianrannassa (U), s. 55–56
      • Piirainen, M. & Piirainen P.: Suomen itäisin suomukkaesiintymä voi hyvin, s. 56–58
      • Särkkä, J.: Rikkalitukka (Cardamine corymbosa) Suomelle uutena tulokkaana, s. 58–59

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Piirainen, M.: Stenberg, L. 2012 (toim.): Norrbottens flora I, s. 60–61
      • Piirainen, M.: Krok, Th. O.B.N. & Almquist, S. 2013: Svensk flora. Fanerogamer och kärlkryptogamer, s. 61–62
      • Väre, H.: Salmia, A. 2013: Pohjolan uhanalaiset orkideat, s. 62–63

      Summaries (in English)

      Suominen, J. 2013: Talvivaaran humala ja Kivaloiden hukkapuro. – Lutukka 29(2): 35–38.
      Features and finding history of some North Finnish localities of native hop (Humulus lupulus)

      In Finland, hop was cultivated during centuries for brewing and as an object of taxation. Only female plants were useful for the purpose, and the cultivation relicts are females as well. However, hop is also native in Finland, north to the Arctic Circle. It is found on seashores and, in the inland, mainly in brookside grass-herb forests as an obvious relict from the seashore phase thousands of years ago and accompanied by many rare plants of rich woods. The native hop occurrences consist often of both sexes but the old relicts far inland are usually either females or males. Local people are often aware of hops in the wilderness, and numerous brooks and ponds have been named after the hop. To a great extent this helped botanists to reach and study the scattered hop groves.

      The brook grove on Talvivaara hill in Sotkamo (province of Kainuu) is the northernmost one hosting both female and male hop. It is also the most elevated one, just below a pond at 294 metres above the sea level. The two northernmost hop groves lie in Rovaniemi (Outer Ostrobothnia). These are remarkable also for the rare accompanied species, including highly isolated northern occurrences of some of them. In this region, there is a third hop grove as well, visited over a century ago but lost thereafter. Its probable site is proposed for continued search.

      Juutinen, R., Kypärä, T., Lehkonen, E., Raatikainen, K. & Peltonen, K. 2013: Sammalia, kalkkia ja toveruutta – Jyväskylän sammaltajat Käsivarren erämaassa. – Lutukka 29(2): 39–50.
      Bryologists of Jyväskylä in Käsivarsi wilderness area (EnL)

      Excursion was made on foot between 28.7. and 4.8.2012. This travel report describes impressions and findings from Urttašvaggi, Ánnjaloanji, Doskaljavri, Doskalharji and Bumbovárri.

      Kunttu, P. & Kunttu, S. 2013: Tuleeko jättituijasta haitallinen vieraslaji? Särkisalon Petun tapaus. – Lutukka 29(2): 51–54.
      Will Western Redcedar become an invasive alien species in Finland? Case study from island of Pettu, SW Finland

      Thuja plicata, commonly called Western redcedar, is an evergreen coniferous tree native to western North America. It was introduced to Finland in the 1870’s as a garden tree. This article presents how Western redcedar has spread outside of the old plantations in the island of Pettu in the southwestern archipelago of Finland (biogeographical province of Finland Proper). The species was introduced to Pettu in the 1930’s. In 1965, in a botanical inventory the size of the plantations was 20 ares and the biggest trees were 13–14-meter high with a diameter at breast height 18–20 cm.

      A new inventory in Pettu was made in 2010 and 2011. The size of the habitats was now 2.5 hectares and the total number of trees 1477. The number of trees exceeding 5 cm diameter at breast height was 160. The biggest tree was ca 25 m high with a diameter at breast height 75 cm. It is the biggest Western redcedar known from Finland.

      Finland’s first national strategy on invasive alien species was published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 2012. Based on the experience in Pettu where Western redcedar had grown well and spread outside of the old plantations, the species was considered a potentially or locally harmful alien terrestrial plant species.

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 29(2): 55–59.

      • Cotula coronopifolia was found in Arabianranta, Helsinki in 2012 as a new alien species to Finland. The locality is known as a pasture of the Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis), and it seems possible that the plant has been brought here by migrating geese, in the same way as was speculated by Widgren (2003) in Sweden. Also Juncus inflexus was found in the same locality. The species is rare and casual in Finland, and most earlier records had been made before 1960, with only one later find. – Markku Ojala
      • The populations of Lathraea squamaria have declined in Finland due to building and forestry activities, and the species is regarded as vulnerable. It grows mainly in luxuriant deciduous or mixed forests in the Aland Islands, Varsinais-Suomi (eastern part) and Uusimaa (western part). The easternmost occurrence of the species in Finland is in Sipoo, eastern Uusimaa. This locality has mistakenly been given as two dots on distribution maps (Lindgren 2012, Lampinen & Lahti 2013). The population has been regarded as locally extinct in lack of recent records. The locality was visited 21.5.2013. A total of 156 flowering shoots were found in an area of c. 115 m² in a dense young, luxuriant mixed forest. The population seems vital, and there is no immediate threat against it at the moment. – Mikko Piirainen & Pirkko Piirainen
      • Cardamine corymbosa is reported as a new introduction in Finland. Ca. 20 small plants were found in the autumn 2012 in a macadamized parking plot inside a nursery area in Raahe (Central Ostrobothnia). The species was probably introduced as seed in the pots of some conifers imported from Haaren, the Netherlands in April 2012. The conifers were soon transferred to another nursery in Oulu, but the species was not found there at least in late 2012. – Jari Särkkä

      Numero 3/2013
      • Piirainen, M.: Luonnon monimuotoisuus on edelleen uhattuna, s. 66
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Örön kasviaarteet ja -arvoitukset, s. 67–87
      • Saarinen, K., Jantunen, J. & Miettinen, M.: Tuoksukirveli tuorein itälisä Imatran (ES) puuplaanin lajistoon, s. 88–91

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Rintanen, T.: Suominen, J., Satakunnan kasvit, s. 91–92

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Kunttu, P. & Rivasto, S.-M.: Taalintehtaan (V) suomukasta lisätietoa, s. 93
      • Kunttu, P.: Neidonkieli runsastuu Taalintehtaalla (V), s. 93–94
      • Särkkä, J.: Lehtoneidonvaippa Sastamalan Karkussa (St), s. 94–95
      • Koistinen, J., Amnell, T. & Winberg, L.: Lehtoneidonvaippa Helsingin Kumpulassa (U), s. 95
      • Piirainen, P. & Piirainen, M.: Lehtoneidonvaippa löytyi myös Vantaalta (U), s. 95

      Summaries (in English)

      Kämäräinen, H. 2013: Örön kasviaarteet ja -arvoitukset. – Lutukka 29(3): 67–87.
      The special flora of Örö Island, NW Gulf of Finland

      The island of Örö is located in the northwestern Gulf of Finland and belongs to the biogeographical province of Varsinais-Suomi and the municipality of Kemiönsaari. The island lies by the open sea at the outer edge of the archipelago, and has an area of 240 hectares. For a long time, Örö served as a summer pasture. Starting from 1915 when Finland still belonged to the Russian Empire, it was constructed as a part of the fortification chain to protect the navigable routes to St. Petersburg. The active military use – Finnish from 1918 on – continued till 2006. The island is still used by the army, and entry to the area is limited and allowed only by permission. Örö is especially known for its Lepidopteran fauna, which has been systematically studied for decades – 1 640 species are known from the island, many of them new invaders from the south.

      Elytrigia juncea ssp. boreali-atlantica was found on Örö in 1937, and it is still growing in many sites along the long western sand shore of the island. Other remarkable species are e.g. Lepidium latifolium, Crambe maritima, Rosa sherardii, Potentilla anglica, Carex arenaria and Ammophila arenaria. During the latest 15–20 years, many new taxa have been found. Some of them are real rarities, which have been able to establish on the island. These include e.g. Pulsatilla pratensis, P. vulgaris, Armeria maritima ssp. elongata, Carlina vulgaris ssp. vulgaris, Dianthus arenarius ssp. borussicus, Genista tinctoria and Scabiosa ochroleuca. Other interesting but more common new taxa are e.g. Echium vulgare, Leonurus cardiaca ssp. villosus, Senecio jacobaea, Anthemis tinctoria, Medicago sativa ssp. falcata and Eupatorium cannabinum. A total of 418 taxa, including 397 species, have been recorded from Örö in the national floristic database of Finland.

      Saarinen, K., Jantunen, J. & Miettinen, M. 2013: Tuoksukirveli tuorein itälisä Imatran (ES) puuplaanin lajistoon. – Lutukka 29(3): 88–91.
      Chaerophyllum aromaticum discovered in SE Finland

      In July 2013, we observed at least five large stands of Chaerophyllum aromaticum in a dry plain previously used for storage of timber nearby the Stora Enso pulp mills at Vuoksenniska, Imatra (South Savo). The species has been noted in Finland only once before, in Hyrynsalmi in 1954 – the record from Kajaani in Fröberg (2010) refers to cultivated plants. Among many eastern immigrant species in the locality at Imatra, such as Androsace filiformis, Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. baltica, Geranium sibiricum, Geum aleppicum and Cirsium oleraceum, this species has also arrived at the site along with the timber imported from adjacent Russia, stored in the plain between the late 1970s and 2001–2002. According to our annual visits in the site, C. aromaticum has emerged very recently from the seed bank, yet the soil has not been disturbed or the timber has not been handled in the site during the last decade.

      We found also a small stand of Centaurium erythraea in the timber depot. In Finland, this is the first record of the species, which reaches the northern limits of its distribution area on the Karelian Isthmus, Russia. In Imatra, the species is clearly a new introduction.

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 29(3): 93–95.

      • The westernmost known population of Lathraea squamaria in the biogeographical province of Varsinais-Suomi was monitored in 2010, 2011 and 2013. A new locality was found in the area in 2011, with a twofold population size. – Panu Kunttu & Sanna-Mari Rivasto
      • The population size of Echium vulgare in the village of Dalsbruk (Kimitoön, Varsinais-Suomi) increased from 1689 to 2780 plants between 2010 and 2013. The increase was partly due to digging of soil in connection of building activities, partly to increased awareness of the importance of the plant for some rare and threatened moth species. – Panu Kunttu
      • Epipactis helleborine was found in 2013 in Sastamala, eastern Satakunta, in a birch forest planted in the 1970s. Ca. 60 plants were found in an area of two ares, which probably means that the population has existed already for some time. The species is rare in the province and there are only a few recent records. – Jari Särkkä
      • Epipactis helleborine was found in Helsinki city area (Uusimaa) close to the Kumpula campus of the University of Helsinki, from a small meadow patch becoming overgrown by forest. There is only one recent record of the species from Helsinki before this one. – Jarmo Koistinen, Toni Amnell & Lars Winberg
      • Epipactis helleborine is reported from NE Vantaa, Uusimaa. One plant was found in a young birch forest in a former cultivated field in a place which has become covered with forest during the last few decades. This is the fourth record of the species in the City of Vantaa. – Pirkko Piirainen & Mikko Piirainen

      Numero 4/2013
      • Piirainen, M.: Saako luontoa manipuloida? s. 98Uusin numero 4/2014
      • Kemppainen, E., Kaipiainen-Väre, H. & Ryttäri, T.: Luonnonsuojeluasetuksen rauhoitettujen ja uhanalaisten lajien luettelot päivitetty, s. 99–105
      • Kääntönen, M.: Harsomatarasta ja muista väärennyksistä Tampereen seudulla, s. 106–110
      • Laaka-Lindberg, S., Miranto, M., Ryttäri, T., Väre, H. & Hyvärinen, M.: Kasvien ex situ -suojelua ESCAPE-hankkeessa: uuden siemenpankin ensimmäiset kasvit, s. 111–117
      • Ranta, P.: Kasviharrastajien retkeily ja seminaari Tampereen seudulla, s. 118–120
        Horppila, P.: Havaintoja vankkasarasta Päijät-Hämeessä, s. 122–124
      • Euroopan kasvikartaston osa 16 on ilmestynyt, s. 121

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Horppila, P.: Lettohernesara löytyi Heinolasta (EH), s. 124–125

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Piirainen, M.: Elven, R., Fremstad, E. & Pedersen, O. (toim.) 2013, Distribution maps of Norwegian vascular plants. IV The eastern and northeastern elements, s. 125–126

      Summaries (in English)

      Kemppainen, E., Kaipiainen-Väre, H. & Ryttäri, T. 2013: Luonnonsuojeluasetuksen rauhoitettujen ja uhanalaisten lajien luettelot päivitetty. – Lutukka 29(4): 99–105.
      Lists of protected and threatened species in the Finnish Nature Conservation Decree has been updated

      In Finland a species may be protected by legislation, and the protection is regulated under the Nature Conservation Act. According to the Act, picking of protected species is prohibited. A species may also be declared threatened and the most threatened ones can be placed under a strict protection order by the Nature Conservation Decree. Deterioration and destruction of an important habitat of a species under strict protection is prohibited. The decree is now updated (471/2013) based on the proposals given in the Finnish Red Data Book (Rassi et al. 2010). It came into force in the beginning of July in 2013 and includes the lists of protected and threatened species of Finland, excluding the autonomous province of Åland. The lists of protected vascular plants and Bryophytes were updated in 2009 (714/2009) and no changes were made in 2013. In every plant and fungi group several changes were made to the lists of threatened species and species placed under strict protection. The changes made to the lists of vascular plants are discussed here in detail. All protected vascular plants and plants under strict protection are listed in table 4. Changes in the lists of Bryophytes, Stoneworts, Fungi and Lichens are presented shortly, mainly giving some examples.

      Kääntönen, M. 2013: Harsomatarasta ja muista väärennyksistä Tampereen seudulla – Lutukka 29(4): 106–110.
      Galium schultesii and other floristic fakes in the Tampere area

      Galium schultesii was found at Ylöjärvi in 2013, apparently sown on purpose after 2009. Other fake populations of rare taxa are known from the vicinity, e.g. Pulsatilla pratensis and Agrimonia procera. Plants have mainly been sown along the Tampere – Vaasa highway and in the surroundings of Lielahti railway station in Tampere. Other examples of sown taxa in Kaarila area at Tampere are e.g. Gratiola neglecta, Heracleum sphondyliun ssp. sphondylium, Rumex triangulivalvis and Isatis tinctoria, and in Tahmela area e.g. Cynoglossum officinale, Agrimonia procera and Cuscuta europaea, perhaps also Rumex obtusifolius ssp. sylvestris.

      Sowing of new taxa in the wild has repeatedly been denounced as forgery and harmful for the study of plant geo­graphy. Seeds of exotic plants are sold in abundance today, and even city authorities or road constructors may sow them without consideration. Digital databases have made it easier to visit known populations of rare taxa. Unfortunately there are some individuals among amateur botanist, who don’t content themselves with digital photography but find it exciting to steal plants or there seeds for questionable purposes.

      Laaka-Lindberg, S., Miranto, M., Ryttäri, T., Väre, H. & Hyvärinen, M. 2013: Kasvien ex situ -suojelua ESCAPE-hankkeessa: uuden siemenpankin ensimmäiset kasvit. – Lutukka 29(4): 111–117.
      Ex-situ conservation of plants in the ESCAPE project: The first species stored in the new seedbank

      ESCAPE (Ex-Situ Conservation of Finnish Native Plant Species) is a 5-year project funded by EU LIFE+ 2011 programme. The project aims to implement the national strategy and action plan for ex-situ conservation, develop ex-situ conservation methods, and encourage their wider use in plant conservation. A seedbank of threatened native plants was inaugurated in Kumpula Botanic Garden in Helsinki in mid-2013. The start was successful: The number of species (27) and different origins (37) exceeded what was planned for the first collecting season. The species collected are listed in table 1. The species are grouped in urgency classes 1–5 on the basis of priority index calculated for the red-listed species (see www.luomus.fi/escape). Representative species of each of these five groups are introduced: Artemisia campetris ssp. bottnica for the group 1 most urgently in need of ex-situ conservation, Pulsatilla patens for the group 2, Erigeron acer ssp. decoloratus for the group 3, which contained most of the species stored in the seedbank, Lychnis alpina var. serpentinicola for the group 4, and Leontodon hispidus representing the group 5, which includes also non red-listed species.

      Horppila, P.: Havaintoja vankkasarasta Päijät-Hämeessä. – Lutukka 29(4): 122–124.
      New localities of Carex riparia in South Häme

      Three localities of Carex riparia are reported from the biogeographical province of South Häme. Two of them were found in Sysmä already in the 1980s by the author, but determinations were verified from specimens only in 2012. The other one is located shortly NE of the more or less continuous distribution area of the species and new for the south boreal Finnish Lakeland (region 2b in the areal division of locally threatened taxa in Finland). The third locality is in the southern part of the province in Kärkölä, where the species has earlier been known from only two localities.

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 29(4): 124–125.

      • Carex viridula var. bergrothii is rare and regarded as vulnerable (VU) in Finland. Most of its known localities in the southern half of the country have been lost due to drainage of suitable rich fens. The plant was found in 2011 in Heinola, biogeographical province of South Häme in a wet fen at a lakeshore. This is the only known extant population of the taxon in the province. – Petri Horppila

      Vuosikerran 28 sisältö (2012)


      Numero 1/2012
      • Piirainen, M.: Uhanalaiskirja uusiksi, s. 2
      • Ranta, P., Viljanen, V., Tanskanen, A., Asikainen, E. & Jokinen, A.: Tampereen kasvit ja kaupunkiekologia, s. 3–17
      • Ulvinen, T.: Retki Puolangan (Kn) Naulaperälle – suippohärkylä parhaana saaliina, s. 18–24
      • Uotila, P.: Kirgisian putkilokasvien luettelo (Norrlinia 24), s. 24
      • Juutinen, R., Hallman, J., Kypärä, T., Mäkelä, A. & Saari, V.: Arktinen napakinnassammal löytynyt Pihtiputaalta, s. 25–29
      • Kunttu, S.: Luonnonkukkien päivä kasvaa ja kukoistaa, s. 30–31

      Summaries (in English)

      Ranta, P., Viljanen, V., Tanskanen, A., Asikainen, E. & Jokinen, A. 2012: Tampereen kasvit ja kaupunkiekologia. – Lutukka 28(1): 3–17.
      Vascular plants and urban ecology in the City of Tampere, S Finland

      Tampere is the 3rd largest city in Finland, with its c. 213,000 inhabitants. It has an area of 690 km², 165 km² of which is covered by water. Tampere is located in the inland of S Finland, in the biogeographical province of South Häme.

      The flora of the City of Tampere was systematically mapped in 1998–2010. The city proper (rural suburbs Aitolahti and Teisko excluded) was divided in 596 grid cells of 500 m × 500 m. The collected material consists of 210,000 observations of 1,225 plant species with habitat codes (37 codes) and estimates of abundance and frequency in the grid cell. All plants are included in the mapping. Plants in cultivation (ornamentals or economic plants) get a specific code which makes it easy to include or exclude them from the rest of the material.

      The share of native species is 30.6 % (375 species), archaeophytes 10.9 % (134 species), neophytes 13.1 % (161 species) and cultivated plants 45.3 % (555 species). The maps in Fig. 15 depict the geographical distribution of each group of origin: the maps of natives and archaeophytes are roughly mirror images: natives in periphery, archaeophytes in populated areas. The neo­phytes are most abundant in the central parts of the city with railways and old settlement. Cultivated species occur mostly in domestic gardens, parks and decorative plantations at blocks of flats. The highest recorded number of species in a grid cell was 396 and lowest 34 (on the small treeless islet of Siilinkari in the Lake of Näsijärvi).

      A prominent group among the neophytes is the Russian immigrants which arrived in Finland and Tampere when the railway connection was established between Tampere and Russia in 1876. Later, Russian troops were stationed in Tampere. Several of the Russian immigrant plants were naturalized in Tampere, like Berteroa incana, Echium vulgare, Bunias orientalis, Trifolium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis. Among older naturalized neophytes from the 1700s are Acorus calamus (medicinal plant) and Corydalis nobilis (ornamental).

      Characteristic species for the City and region are Ulmus laevis, Sedum annuum, Callitriche hamulata, Carex pediformis and Myosoton aquaticum. Several southern species reach their northern limit at Tampere, like Corylus avellana, Polygonatum multiflorum and Anemone ranunculoides. Some species occur in the catchment area of Kokemäenjoki river, like Ceratophyllum demersum, Rorippa amphibia and Rumex hydrolapathum.

      None of the observed plants has been found in every grid cell. Betula pendula (589), B. pubescens (586), Sorbus aucuparia (583), Epilobium angustifolium (580) and Salix caprea (578) are the five most common species. On the other hand, species which occur in 1 % of grid cells or less (1–6 cells) are considered as rare. There are 144 species in this category.

      The material permits the evaluation of the effectiveness of protected areas. In the city proper, there are seven official nature reserves, with a total area of 193 ha. They contain 375 species, 66.1 % of which are natives. Only 127 native species (33.9 % of the natives in Tampere) are not found in the reserves. The reserves are much less effective in protecting other groups of origin: of archaeophytes, 42.5 % and of neophytes 75.2 % are missing from the reserves. The composition of the flora of the reserves may be studied with the help of cumulative frequency curves. In Tampere, the curves are of concave type, which means that species in reserves are mostly common ones.

      Rarity is not evenly distributed in the city. The proportion of rare species can be studied with the help of the rarity index. A previously unknown zone, rich in rare species, was detected in the eastern part of the city.

      Ulvinen, T. 2012: Retki Puolangan (Kn) Naulaperälle – suippohärkylä parhaana saaliina. – Lutukka 28(1): 18–24.
      A trip to Naulaperä in Puolanka parish, Kainuu biogeographical province

      During a trip to Naulaperä in Puolanka parish, Kainuu biogeographical province, a protected rich fen (Ison Jänisjärven letto) with calcareous waters was visited. This is the southernmost site of Juncus triglumis and several rare mosses, e.g. Philonotis calcarea, Palustriella falcata and Leiocolea bantriensis in Finland. The exact locality of occurrences of several rare vascular plants and mosses was noted. In the neighbourhood, a protected herb-rich forest (Ison Jänisjärven lehto) was studied as a part of a km2 square of the Atlas of Finnish Vascular Plants system. In a steep slope of herb-rich deciduous forest, one specimen of Polystichum lonchitis was found as the first record of the species in the province. The plant has a few other localities as the result of ”long-distance-flights” from Scandinavian mountains in the southern and central parts of Finland. The rich flora on the protected herb-rich forest includes e.g. Cypripedium calceolus, Cicerbita alpina and Palustriella decipiens. From other parts of the atlas square e.g. Botrychium multifidum and Carex buxbaumii subsp. mutica were noted.

      Juutinen, R., Hallman, J., Kypärä, T., Mäkelä, A. & Saari, V. 2012: Arktinen napakinnassammal löytynyt Pihtiputaalta. – Lutukka 28(1): 25–29.
      Scapania spitsbergensis found in Central Finland

      The arctic-alpine bryophyte Scapania spitsbergensis has been found in Central Finland, Pihtipudas (biogeographical province of North Häme). The species is very rare throughout the circumpolar region and grows almost exclusively in the upper oroarctic belt. Only a few locations in the world are known south of the Arctic Circle. Scapania spitsbergensis is endangered (EN) in Finland. A bryophyte sample labeled ”Scapania sp.” was collected during the survey of the moss flora of Central Finland in 1991. It was deposited in the Natural history section of Jyväskylä University Museum (JYV) and determined after 20 years as a species previously not at all represented in the collection. Two field excursions were made during 2011, aiming to find the species again from the field. The latter excursion was successful and two occurrences were found. The species was growing between large stones in a boulder field. Despite the vast area of suitable habitat in the surveyed site, the species was found to be rare. The case of Scapania spitsbergensis demonstrates clearly the importance of field surveys, the importance of preserving even partially determined samples into natural history museums and in general the role of natural history museums. Also, hardly accessible and putatively boring habitat types can be worth looking into.

      Kunttu, S. 2012: Luonnonkukkien päivä kasvaa ja kukoistaa. – Lutukka 28(1): 30–31.
      The Nordic Day of Wild Flowers 2011 in Finland

      The Day of Wild Flowers was held on June 19th 2011 in all Nordic countries. In Finland 114 guided field excursions were organized all over the country with ca. 2600 participants.


      • Numero 2/2012
      • Piirainen, M.: Kasvimuseon avoimet ovet, s. 34
      • Väre, H.: Tuntureittemme kissankäpälistä, s. 35–48
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Suomen nukeista yleensä ja Janakkalan (EH) ketonukista ja idännukista erityisesti, s. 49–57
      • Ihamuotila, R.: Huhtakurjenpolvi ja muita Nuuksion erikoisuuksia, s. 59–63

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Räsänen, J.: Kasvihavaintoja Pohjois-Karjalasta, s. 57
      • Kunttu, P. & Cygnel, M.: Lännenkurho Kemiön-saaren Kullassa (V), s. 57–58

      Summaries (in English)

      Väre, H. 2012: Tuntureittemme kissankäpälistä. – Lutukka 28(2): 35–48.
      Pussytoes (Antennaria) in Finnish fjelds

      There are six indigenous pussy toe (Antennaria) species in Finland, five of which (A. alpina, A. canescens, A. nordhageniana, A. porsildii, A. villifera) grow only in the northernmost mountain regions. The sixth one, A. dioica occurs in the whole country including mountains, and is not treated in greater detail here.

      The author has studied mountain plants of Enontekiö in NW Finland since 1985. In this article more detailed distribution maps are given for the first time of the five solely oroarctic pussy toes in Enontekiö. Three of these are considered as threatened (VU or NT) due to their rarity in Finland and possible climate warming. Ecology, taxonomy and variation in morphology are discussed.

      According to IUCN criteria there are 15 populations of A. villifera (NT), consisting of about 50 fragmented subpopulations, mainly at 900–1100 m a.s.l. (the highest point of Finland is 1324 m a.s.l.). Today the taxonomy seems to be settled: A. carpatica is considered as Central European and A. lanata as North American.

      A. dioica and A. nordhageniana are treated here as species, as there is currently no evidence of hybrids between these two. A. dioica is ubiquitous all over the country up to the low oroarctic belt (upper limit at c. 900 m a.s.l.). There are 10 populations of A. nordhageniana (VU), consisting of about 35 fragmented subpopulations mainly in the middle oroarctic belt at 900–1100 m a.s.l. This taxon is endemic to northern Fennoscandia, and currently it seems that most of the populations are in Finland.

      Three species are currently accepted in Finland of the closely related A. alpina group: A. alpina s.str. (rosette leaves hairy below, hairless above), A. canescens (hairy below and above) and A. porsildii (glabrous). A. alpina s.str. is very common in the low and middle oroarctic belts, A. canescens scattered. Intermediate individuals as to the hairiness occur in the joint distribution area. There are 10 populations of A. porsildii (NT), consisting of about 40 fragmented subpopulations mainly in the middle oroarctic belt at 900–1100 m a.s.l. The morphology of A. porsildii is variable. The stem is usually bright green, but in two populations individuals with a red stem are common.

      Kämäräinen, H. 2012: Suomen nukeista yleensä ja Janakkalan (EH) ketonukista ja idännukista erityisesti. – Lutukka 28(2): 49–57.
      The genus Androsace in Finland, with special attention to the populations in Janakkala, South Häme

      Three rare species of the genus Androsace grow in Finland either native or as established neophytes: A. septentrionalis, A. elongata and A. filiformis. A. septentrionalis is protected and endangered (EN). In Finland, it is native only in the Åland Islands, but it is has been found in most provinces of the southern parts of the country, in 60 localities in all. Today, c. 12 established populations are known. A. filiformis is an eastern alien, with 5 or 6 established occurrences. A. elongata is known only from one locality in South Häme.

      A. septentrionalis is known from Kuumola in Janakkala, South Häme, already for c. 80 years. The first collection was made in 1932. The origin is not known for certain. The stand on a railway embankment and a nearby gravel field is more than 50 m long. The species is monitored and its habitat is managed, so the future of the population seems safe. In 2009–2011 the population size was roughly estimated to exceed 1000 plants.

      A. filiformis was met for the first time in Virala, Janakkala in 1963. Since then it has been annually seen around the same barn surrounded by cultivated fields. The population density has been as high as 1600 plants on a square meter. The species has probably arrived as early as 90 years ago, when low-grade Russian crop was imported as cattle forage, after a crop failure in Russia. The miller had his own fields close to the spot where the species is still growing. In 2010 the growing area was restricted to one square meter due to overgrowth. After the sides of the barn were ploughed up in the spring in 2011, the plant sprouted up in abundance over the whole ploughed area of c. 4 m × 20 m. The abundant seed bank will probably keep the population alive, if the soil by the barn is turned from time to time.

      Ihamuotila, R. 2012: Huhtakurjenpolvi ja muita Nuuksion erikoisuuksia. – Lutukka 28(2): 59–63.
      Small floristic notes from Nuuksio

      Nuuksio is located 30 kilometres NW of Helsinki. The area is characterized by high granite rocks, herb-rich forests, rather small fields and about 90 lakes of different sizes.

      Geranium bohemicum has been found in Nuuksio from time to time. In 1989, spruce branches were piled and burned in a clearfelling area. The burned sites were full of Geranium bohemicum in 1990, thereafter diminishing rapidly, which is typical to the plant. Another small forest cutting was done in a southern slope of a forested hill in 1993 and in 1994 some plants were flowering in the site in late September. In 2008 a lot of plants were in full flower in a harvested wheat field! During the very warm summer 2011 hundreds of plants flowered in a rather steep southern slope where forest had been cut in 2010.

      Campanula cervicaria has rapidly reduced in number in southern Finland during the last 50 years. In Nuuksio two sites were earlier known to the author, but one has currently disappeared. The other one is located on a small meadow by a summer cottage north of Lake Sahajärvi. Around 50 flowering plants were found there in 2011 and a new place was found by a small road ca. 300 metres away, with 10 blooming specimens in early July.

      Viscaria alpina is more or less rare in southern Finland. In Nuuksio it grows rather commonly on high granite rocks with a dense lichen cover. One site locates close to the author’s home Hista manor farm. In favourable years 50–100 plants are flowering there in early June. In Nuuksio there are also many other rocky areas inhabited by the plant, one locating in Nuuksio Natural Park by a path to Nuuksionpää cottage.

      Earlier, a rather common weed, at least in Hista was Lamium amplexicaule. Later on it has almost disappeared, but is compensated by Veronica persica. The plant grew at first in a garden, but in 2009 it spread to cultivated fields. After harvesting plenty of it was found in the stubble of wheat and oil flax.

      Other plants typical to Nuuksio are e.g. Leontodon hispidus, Trifolium aureum and Anthemis arvensis. The latter flourished by probably a thousand plants in a badly overwintered field of turnip rape in 2005. Trifolium incarnatum was found in late summer 2011 in a newly planted lawn, evidently from seeds in the grass seed mixture.

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 28(2): 57–58.

      • Lotus corniculatus var. arenosus and Cymbalaria muralis are reported as new to the province of North Karelia. Both were found in the town of Joensuu. The former was growing in a lawn on several ares. The latter was introduced to a home garden as a weed in a seedling pot from a nursery garden. Also Cerastium glomeratum was introduced from the same nursery; this is the second record of this weedy species in the province. – Juhani Räsänen

      • Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris) was found in August 2011 in Kulla village on the island of Kimitoön, SW Finland (province of Varsinais-Suomi). The first record of this occurrence was made in 1960, and a later record was made in 1988. This is the only known locality of Carline Thistle at the moment in Finland outside the Åland Islands. Carline Thistle is classified as a vulnerable species in the Finnish red-list. – Panu Kunttu & Matts Cygnel


      Numero 3/2012
      • Uotila, P.: Retkeilykasviosta uusi painos, s. 66
      • Ryttäri, T., Enho, E., Helynranta, L., Kurtto, A., Nordman, K., Pykälä, J. & Uotila, P.: Ruotsalaiset kasviretkellä Suomessa, s. 67–80
      • Horppila, P.: Havaintoja ahdinsammalesta Päijät-Hämeen järvissä, s. 81–84
      • Helle, K.: Täsmähoidolla palkitsevia tuloksia uhanalaisen ketokatkeron esiintymillä, s 88–94

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Suominen, J.: Uusi uhanalaiskirja. Ryttäri, T., Kalliovirta, M. & Lampinen, R. (toim.) 2012, Suomen uhanalaiset kasvit, s. 84–87

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Hiironniemi, K.: Soikkokämmekän uusi kasvupaikka Kirkkonummella (U), s. 94–95

      Summaries (in English)

      Ryttäri, T., Enho, E., Helynranta, L., Kurtto, A., Nordman, K., Pykälä, J. & Uotila, P. 2012: Ruotsalaiset kasviretkellä Suomessa. — Lutukka 28(3): 67–80.
      Excursion of the Swedish Botanical Society in southern Finland in 2012

      ***

      Horppila, P. 2012: Havaintoja ahdinsammalesta Päijät-Hämeen järvissä. — Lutukka 28(3): 81–84.
      Platyhypnidium riparioides in some lakes in South Häme, central S Finland

      According to the Finnish water moss flora (Koponen et al. 1995), Platyhypnidium riparioides is a rare species met in sprig lakes with clear water and in eutrophic brooks. However, the species was found more or less accidentally in six localities in Sysmä, South Häme in 1995, 1997, 2011 and 2012 in quite different habitats. Two of the occurrences are located in eutrophicated inland bays of Lake Päijänne and three in sounds with streaming water between Lake Majutvesi and Päijänne. These are affected by the municipal sewage works of Sysmä and diffuse loading from agriculture. Another locality in Lake Joutsjärvi is loaded by fish farming, sewage and peat production. None of the localities is affected by spring waters, and the water in none of them is especially clear. Thus it seems like these characteristics are not essential to the species, and it can well grow also in lake waters containing humus or lakes eutrophicated by human activities. The species may be more common in Finland than known earlier, but it is hard to find in brownish waters containing humus or turbid for some other reason. The plants are found only by chance, as in this case with a lifted anchor or ice fishing lure.

      Helle, K. 2012: Täsmähoidolla palkitsevia tuloksia uhanalaisen ketokatkeron esiintymillä. — Lutukka 28(3): 88–94.
      Rewarding results in maintainance of the endangered Gentianella campestris

      The endangered Gentianella campestris is one of the species which have suffered because of overgrowing of seminatural habitats. Good results have been obtained by proper timing and proper measures in maintaining its populations. Experience is here presented from three localities in South Häme, central S Finland, where the species has increased both in terms of abundance and area.

      The basic clearing of the habitats was timed in late August to be able to find all possible first year plants. Shading trees were cut little by little to increase the light and decrease the amount of litter. Abandoned seminatural habitats easily become covered by mosses. Moss carpets were removed with a rake – and even with a fork to avoid damaging the species taken care of. This was made to simulate the effects of pasturing and to produce open patches for seeds and spores to germinate.

      Scything and raking were made in turn of July and August to let seed of annual species ripen. Gentianella campestris was left untouched, and the colonies were weeded to give the species a better competitive position. Scythed hay and other waste were carried away from the patches.

      It turned out that Gentianella campestris flowered often already during the first growing season. Variation in the effective temperature sum of the previous year caused much variation in the number of plants between different years.

      It was very rewarding to participants of the maintainance work to see the endangered species thrive so well after the effort.

      Floristic notes — Lutukka 28(3): 94–95.

      • Orchis militaris is reported from Mäkiluoto island by the south coast of Finland. The island is a military fortress with no public entrance. The species is endangered in Finland, and it has earlier been found only nine times – eight of them in the 1980s or later. – Kalevi Hiironniemi

      Numero 4/2012
      • Piirainen, M.: Miksi kasveja museoidaan? s. 98
      • Alho, R., Heino, S., Laine, K., Laine, U. & Nurmi, J.:Liuskalääte (Serratula tinctoria L.), maalle uusi putkilokasvi Varsinais-Suomessa, s. 99–102
      • Ahponen, H. & Lumiaro, R.: Luonnonkukkien päivä edisti luonnonkasvien suojelua tienpidossa, s. 103–104
      • Jutila, H.: Kasviharrastajat Hankoniemellä, s. 105–113
      • Kääntönen, M.: Koirankieli Valkeakosken Sääksmäellä (EH), s. 114–118
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Masmaloiden moninaisuutta – havaintoja Porin Reposaaresta ja Kouvolan Kaipiaisista, s. 122–126

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Nordman, K.: Rohtosalkoruusu löytynyt Inkoosta (U), s. 118
      • Ihamuotila, R.: Sorsanputki Helsingin Lauttasaaressa (U), s. 119–120
      • Ranta, P.: Kasvihavaintoja Helsingin Arabianrannasta (U), s. 120–121

      Summaries (in English)

      Alho, R., Heino, S., Laine, K., Laine, U. & Nurmi, J. 2012: Liuskalääte (Serratula tinctoria L.), maalle uusi putkilokasvi Varsinais-Suomessa. — Lutukka 28(4): 99–102.
      Serratula tinctoria L., a new vascular plant for Finland

      Saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria L.), a new flowering plant for Finland, was found in June 2012 from Uusikaupunki, SW part of the country (biogeographical province of Varsinais-Suomi). The occurrence consisted of almost 20 plants flowering profusely in July – August, and 5–6 sterile rosettes. The locality is situated ca. 15 km from the town center in a rural area, on a small stony meadow patch surrounded by fields. The companions include mainly native forest and meadow plants and a few archaeophytes. As the locality is modified by man, the saw-wort must be considered as an alien plant in Finland, most probably as an archaeophyte. The closest occurrences are ca. 200 km away in Uppland, Sweden and in Hiiumaa, Estonia. In the Nordic countries the saw-wort is a declining species and classified as endangered or near threatened.

      Ahponen, H. & Lumiaro, R. 2012: Luonnonkukkien päivä edisti luonnonkasvien suojelua tienpidossa. — Lutukka 28(4): 103–104.
      The Nordic Day of Wild Flowers 2012 in Finland

      The Day of Wild Flowers was held on June 17th 2010 in all Nordic countries. In Finland 110 guided field excursions were organized all over the country with ca. 1870 participants. In 2012 special attention was paid on the importance of the time of mowing of roadsides for biodiversity and many threatened plants and insects on them, and a special excursion for media was arranged.

      Jutila, H. 2012: Kasviharrastajat Hankoniemellä. — Lutukka 28(4): 105–113.
      Annual meeting of Finnish botanists and conservation authorities in 2012

      Finnish botanists visited sites of vulnerable vascular plants on Cape Hankoniemi during 10.–12.8.2012. In Lappohja harbour the ballast plants and particularly the largest population of Medicago falcata in Finland were visited. In Gåsörsudden at the base of Cape Tulliniemi the rarest taxon was the endangered Armeria maritima ssp. intermedia, and a lot of other seashore species were detected among them the vulnerable Galium verum and Crambe maritima. The dunes in Cape Tulliniemi provide a good habitat for Salsola kali, Carex arenaria and Festuca polesica on the shoreside and for Zostera marina on the seaside, all species listed in the Red Data Book of 2010. The invasive exotic species, Rosa rugosa, had been fought in a removal project in the Furuviken nature conservation area, where we were lucky to observe Sphingonotus caerulans, an endangered grasshopper, and the near threatened Chimaphila umbellata. At the end of the day we shortly visited a spring in Björkkulla, were the endangered Carex paniculata was growing.

      In Sunday’s seminar 12.8. the participants had a possibility to present their observations of threatened plant species in different biogeographical provinces of Finland. Tvärminne provides a biodiversity hot spot at the Gulf of Finland, of which we had a glimpse on the nature trail. Among the observed rare or otherwise interesting species were Primula veris, Melampyrum nemorosum, Campanula trachelium, Polygonatum multiflorum, Satureja vulgaris, Viola mirabilis, Allium scorodoprasum, A. oleraceum, Asplenium trichomanes, A. septentrionale, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Galium verum and Holcus lanatus. Högsand in Lappohja was again a habitat for many dune species, among them the endangered Ammophila arenaria.

      The excursion was guided by Terhi Ryttäri from the Finnish Environment Institute, Tiina Kanerva from the Finnish Forest Service and Henry Väre from the Finnish Museum of Natural History.

      Kääntönen, M. 2012: Koirankieli Valkeakosken Sääksmäellä (EH). — Lutukka 28(4): 114–118.
      Cynoglossum officinale in Sääksmäki, Valkeakoski, S Finland

      Records of Cynoglossum officinale in the old cultural area of Sääksmäki (Valkeakoski, biogeographical province of South Häme) are known from 1872 onwards. Many of them are concentrated in Huittula village, and especially around the church and parsonage, and in Kelhi village. Based mainly on the summations made in the 1990s, the five known localities were surveyed in 2012. The counted numbers were 73 fertile plants and 102 sterile rosettes. The species is threatened both by overgrowing and too intensive clearing of the habitats. Clearing is a threat also to several other vascular plant species of old cultural habitats, some of which are already extinct in Sääksmäki. Preserving Cynoglossum officinale requires monitoring and management, because the species is a weak competitor. Also e.g. the private yard areas in Huittula ought to be studied.

      Kämäräinen, H. 2012: Masmaloiden moninaisuutta – havaintoja Porin Reposaaresta ja Kouvolan Kaipiaisista. — Lutukka 28(4): 122–126.
      Findings of Anthyllis vulneraria from Pori and Kouvola, southern Finland

      Anthyllis vulneraria was first met in Reposaari, Pori (biogeographical province of Satakunta) in 1872. Records or specimens probably belonging to ssp. carpatica were made at least in the 1920’s and 1940’s. During the construction of the holiday home fare in 2008 also soil in the old ballast field was partly excavated. This seems to have awoken the seed bank, as the plant was found rather abundantly on ca. 50 square meters in July 2012. They seemed to represent var. pseudovulneraria, but the determination has not been verified so far because of taxonomical difficulties in the genus.

      Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. polyphylla grows along Highway 6 in Kaipiainen, Kouvola (prov. South Karelia). Ditch slopes at both sides of the road are covered by very dense colonies along a distance of several hundred meters. In the native occurrencies the plants in Finland have patent hairs at the basal parts of the stem, and introduced plants are usually glabrous. In this population, however, the plants are hairy with tightly appressed hairs. The first record of the species in this locality was made by the near-by railway, first records from the roadside were made in 1980.

      Floristic notes — Lutukka 28(4): 118–121

      • Althaea officinalis was found as a casual introduction in a sawdust heap in Barösund, Inkoo (biogeographical province of Uusimaa). This ornamental has very rarely been recorded outside gardens in Finland. — Kurt Nordman

      • Sium latifolium is reported from Helsinki (Uusimaa), where it was found in a small seashore pond. The species is critically endangered in Finland and its only known extant occurrencies are situated in a very limited area in the SE part of the country. The origin of the newly found population is possibly in Estonia, at the opposite site of the Gulf of Finland. — Risto Ihamuotila

      • Arabianranta is a new urban district in Helsinki at the mouth of Vantaanjoki river. The area has mainly been constructed on earth filling. From urban ecological point of view, the result may be regarded as a diverse ”urban wilderness”. In addition to several ruderal species, some water and shore plants can be found at a pond near the southern end of the area. Dense stands of Lythrum portula are growing at the waterside. After rain these stands remain under water, otherwise mostly on the shore. An attractive, about 2 m wide stand of flowering Mentha aquatica var. aquatica could be seen on the shore. The species is rare, and it has not been seen in the province of Uusimaa since 1950s. Lythrum portula has not been found in Helsinki since 1992. Both plants are endangered in Finland (category VU). — Pertti Ranta


      Vuosikerran 27 sisältö (2011)


      Numero 1/2011
      • Piirainen, M.: Vieraslajit kuriin, s. 2
      • Vilpa, E.: Oulunsalon Varjakansaaren kasvisto, s. 3–13
      • Räsänen, J.: Voikukkien maailmasta, s. 14–16
      • Salmi, J.: Jurmon suolakkokasveista, s. 17–25
      • Enho, E. & Kypärä, T.: Idän tuliaisia ja kämmeköitä, s. 26–29
      • Norrlinia-sarjan uusimmat osat: Kirgisian matkakertomus, Suomen jäkäläopas ja Limasienet, s. 30–31

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Kääntönen, M.: Tampereen luhtaorvokki-populaatio jatkaa elämäänsä Joensuussa ja Oulussa, s. 13

      Summaries (in English)

      Vilpa, E. 2011: Oulunsalon Varjakansaaren kasvisto. – Lutukka 27(1): 3–13.
      Flora of Island Varjakansaari in Oulunsalo, North Ostrobothnia, Finland

      Island Varjakansaari is situated in the Bothnian Bay N of the Natura 2000 area around Bay Akionlahti, c. 6 km W from the market place of Oulu town. The bedrock lies deep below the silt- and sandstones of the Muhos formation and the soil covering it. The land upheaval is 8–9 mm a year. The highest points of the island rose up from the sea in the 1400s and are now c. 5 m above the sea level. Today, the dimensions of the island are c. 2 200 m × 700 m. The sea water around the island is brackish, with not more than 2–3 ‰ of salt.
      The biggest sawmill in the Nordic countries was run on the island in 1900–1928. It gave work to 720 employees. The county architect Harald Andersin designed elegant buildings for the sawmill. Part of them have later been destroyed, some are still in use slightly restored. The municipality of Oulunsalo is planning a natural and cultural tourist resort covering the island and the neighbouring Cape Varjakanniemi in a project supported by the EU.
      The vegetation of the island is mainly forest, meadow and aquatic vegetation. The urban flora is strongly diminishing. The aquatic and shoreline flora is well preserved. This article gives an annotated list of all vascular plant taxa met on the island in 2009 and 2010. The endemic Baltic Sea species Deschampsia bottnica, Euphrasia bottnica and Alisma wahlenbergii belong to the flora. The latter one is a directive species of the EU, and Finland has the responsibility of its survival. Another interesting group of the shore meadow plants is the so called Primula sibirica group. P. nutans ssp. finmarchica (P. sibirica) is the nominal species of the group, the other members being e.g. Carex halophila, C. mackenziei, C. paleacea, Odontites litoralis ssp. litoralis and Sonchus arvensis ssp. maritima. These taxa have probably invaded the area from the Arctic Sea and the White Sea coasts. Primula nutans is classified as endangered in Finland.

      Räsänen, J. 2011: Voikukkien maailmasta. – Lutukka 27(1): 14–16.
      Taraxacum nightmares

      Stories of some problems in the identification and nomenclature of Taraxacum, solved by field observations and cultivation, during long-lastin examination of herbaria and literature – and by night-time thinking.

      Enho, E. & Kypärä, T. 2011: Idän tuliaisia ja kämmeköitä. – Lutukka 27(1): 26–29.
      Annual meeting of Finnish botanists and conservation authorities in 2010

      The annual meeting of Finnish botanists and conservation authorities was arranged in SE Finland on 14.–15. August 2010. The seminar was held at Päiväranta conference centre in Imatra. Most of the time was used for excursions to interesting localities in Taipalsaari, Lappeenranta and Imatra. A wide range of habitats was seen: esker terrain, lime pits, an airport, an old timber depot, a calcareous pine heath and an old cultural environment. The excursions were guided by Juha Jantunen from the South Karelia Allergy and Environment Institute.

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 27(1): 13.

      • A native population of Viola uliginosa at Tampere (South Häme) was destroyed in the mid-1970s due to building. Some plants were transplanted to four places. The only living progeny of the original population is located in the botanic gardens at Oulu and Joensuu. – Matti Kääntönen


      Numero 2/2011
      • Piirainen, M.: Luonnon seurannassa riittää työsarkaa, s. 34
      • Salmia, A.: Kuolanpioni on kasvimaantieteellisesti ja evolutiivisesti mielenkiintoinen laji, s. 35–42
      • Kunttu, P. & Rivasto, S.-M.: Neidonkielen esiintyminen Dragsfjärdin Taalintehtaalla, s. 43–46
      • Issakainen, J., Heinonen, M.-L. & Heinonen, P.: Tähtisilkkiyrtti (Asclepias speciosa) tulokkaana Paraisilla, s. 47–51
      • Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L.: Helsingin kasveja 6. Piperin puiston erikoisuudet ja lännenpalsami, s. 52–57
      • Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T.: Uusi kasviatlaksen vuosiversio, Kasviatlas 2010, s. 58–60
      • Norrlinia 23: Vihreä Afrikka on ilmestynyt, s. 51

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Särkkä, J.: Lindernia procumbens Valkeakosken Ritvalassa (EH), s. 60–61

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Piirainen, M.: Stenberg, L. 2010, Norrbottens flora II & Stenberg, L. (toim.) 2010, Norrbottens flora III. Fibblor och maskrosor i Norrbotten, s. 61–63

      Summaries (in English)

      Salmia, A. 2011: Kuolanpioni on kasvimaantieteellisesti ja evolutiivisesti mielenkiintoinen laji. – Lutukka 27(2): 35–42.
      Biogeography and evolution of Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae), a review

      Hong (2010) has recently made a comprehensive synopsis of peonies focusing his work on taxonomy and biogeography. He gives detailed descriptions of the morphology and field work of the Paeonia anomala complex.
      Paeonia anomala has a wide distribution area in Eurasia. The species has also been collected by Finnish researches to Finnish herbaria (29 specimens in H) from the Kola Peninsula during 1863–1913.The examination of these specimens showed all the typical morphological characters given by Hong (2010). The species is now very rare and is threatened in the Kola Peninsula (Andreev & Uotila 1998).
      According to the taxonomic revision of the Paeonia anomala complex (Hong & Pan 2004) the species P. anomala contains two subspecies ssp. anomala and ssp. veitchii. Morphologically they are very similar. The main difference between the subspecies is that in ssp. anomala flowers are solitary and in ssp. veitchii there are usually 2–4 flowers on a stem. Molecular phylogenetic evidence (Pan et al. 2007) for the origin of ssp. anomala indicated however that it is a diploid hybrid originated from a cross between ssp. veitchii and P. lactiflora. The combination of the two genomes has probably allowed ssp. anomala to adapt to wide geographic regions quite different from its parents.

      Kunttu, P. & Rivasto, S.-M. 2011: Neidonkielen esiintyminen Dragsfjärdin Taalintehtaalla. – Lutukka 27(2): 43–46.
      An abundant occurrence of the Viper’s bugloss (Echium vulgare) in Dalsbruk, SW Finland

      The occurrence of the Viper’s bugloss (or Blueweed) in the village of Dalsbruk is one of the most prolific in Finland. Dalsbruk is situated in the island of Kimitoön, southwest Finland (biogeographical province of Finland proper). Inventories of the distribution and abundance of the Viper’s bugloss were carried out in the summer 2010. Altogether 1689 individuals were found, and the covered area was 75 hectares. Only 3 % of these individuals grew on rocky and dry fields, the rest of them were found on roadsides and yards. The amount of occurrences seems to be higher than in 1991 when a previous inventory was carried out.
      The first reliable record of the Viper’s bugloss in Dalsbruk was made in 1919, but likely the history is notably longer because the species was spread by ballast and there was an active ship traffic between Dalsbuk and Stockholm since 1686 when the ironworks were established in Dalsbruk. The species was characterized as prolific in a study of the vascular plants in Dalsbruk in the 1950s and 1960s.
      Three species of the Finnish red-listed micro moths live in Dalsbruk, all of these are dependent on the Viper’s bugloss: Ethmia terminella (CR), Cynaeda dentali (EN) and Tinagma ocnerostomellum (NT). The occurrences of these micro moth species in Finland are concentrated especially to Dalsbruk.

      Issakainen, J., Heinonen, M.-L. & Heinonen, P. 2011: Tähtisilkkiyrtti (Asclepias speciosa) tulokkaana Paraisilla. – Lutukka 27(2): 47–51.
      Occurrency of showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), a new alien, in Parainen, SW Finland

      Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) is reported as an occasional, unintentionally introduced species from Parainen, SW Finland. The dispersion route could not be ascertained. General information on the genus Asclepias is given.

      Kurtto, A. & Helynranta, L. 2011: Helsingin kasveja 6. Piperin puiston erikoisuudet ja lännenpalsami. – Lutukka 27(2): 52–57.
      Vascular plants of Helsinki 6. Rarities of Suomenlinna Sea Fortress, and Orange Balsam, Impatiens capensis

      Suomenlinna, a famous maritime fortress and Unesco World Heritage Site located off the coast of Helsinki, harbours a remarkably rich wild vascular flora consisting of many historical elements, the most notable of which are numerous Russian polemochores and a myriad of plants of dry meadows. The polemochores include species which are rare or very rare in Finland: Alchemilla hirsuticaulis, A. semilunaris, Asperugo procumbens, Carex praecox, Epilobium roseum, Lappula squarrosa, Lithospermum arvense, Medicago falcata and Rumex confertus. In recent decades, the flora has been enriched with, at least, the anemochorously dispersed Epilobium adenocaulon, E. ciliatum, Erigeron canadense and Senecio viscosus, as well as with Impatiens parviflora, Rorippa sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata, Erucastrum gallicum and Veronica persica, brought in with soil from the continent, and with Oxalis fontana and Impatiens glandulifera escaped from local gardens.
      The Piper Park on the island of Susisaari of Suomenlinna is a floristically peculiar site. The sole Finnish populations of both Glyceria striata, a native of North America, and G. declinata, a native of W. and C. Europe, are known from there, probably as lawn seed immigrants. In 2010, Ceratophyllum submersum appeared abundantly in the artificial pond of the park thus adding only just the fourth site to its Finnish distribution.
      In 2010, Impatiens capensis, a native of North America, was discovered as naturalized in a black alder grove in eastern Helsinki. The background of the occurrence is not known, but the plant may have been sown at the site from seeds brought from the Lohja – Karjalohja area in S.W. Finland, where the species originates from a single sowing in 1949 and is nowadays widespread on shores of the Lohjanjärvi lake.

      Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T. 2011: Uusi kasviatlaksen vuosiversio, Kasviatlas 2010. – Lutukka 27(2): 58–60.
      Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Finland, version 2010

      The new version of the atlas has been published at www.luomus.fi/kasviatlas (in Finnish).

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 27(2): 60–61.

      • A casual occurrence on Lindernia procumbens is described from a nursery in Valkeakoski, South Häme, as the first record of this southeast and central European species in Finland. The plants may have arrived from some Dutch or German nursery with imported conifers. – Jari Särkkä


      Numero 3/2011
      • Piirainen, M.: Putkilokasvien suomenkieliset nimet verkkoon, s. 66
      • Uotila, P.: Vihannesportulakat Suomessa, s. 67–73
      • Ranta, P. & Siitonen, M.: Kuinka käy luhtaorvokin? s. 74–87
      • Kääntönen, M.: Tähkämaitikan Valkeakosken Sääksmäen (EH) kasvupaikkojen seurannasta, s. 88–94

      Kirjallisuutta

      • Piirainen, M.: Hæggström, C.-A. & Hæggström, E. 2010, Ålands flora. 2., korjattu ja laajennettu painos, s. 94–95

      Summaries (in English)

      Uotila, P. 2011: Vihannesportulakat Suomessa. – Lutukka 27(3): 67–73.
      Portulaca oleracea aggr. in Finland

      Portulaca oleracea aggr. (Portulacaceae) contains ca. 20 microspecies, of which six (P. granulatostellulata, P. nitida, P. oleracea s.str., P. papillatostellulata, P. sativa and P. trituberculata) were found when specimens from Finland were revised by A. Danin. All of them represent casual or for several years established aliens, except for P. sativa, only rarely cultivated. Short descriptions of and a key to the Finnish taxa are provided.

      Ranta, P. & Siitonen, M. 2011: Kuinka käy luhtaorvokin? – Lutukka 27(3): 74–87.
      The state of an endangered species: Viola uliginosa in Finland

      Viola uliginosa is a European plant with its main distribution east of the present border of the European Union. It is regarded as threatened in most of the area. In Finland it is endangered (EN) and under strict protection.

      In Finland, the species was found in 1851 in Vihti, only 42 years after it was first described in Poland. In the 1800s, it was found in the present-day Sastamala, Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna and Hammarland. Of these localities, Vihti (Varsinais-Suomi) and Sastamala (Satakunta) still remain. In the 1940s, 14 localities were known at the same time, which is the highest number. Since then, the number decreased to be only five in 2011. The newest and northernmost locality was found in 1999 in Tohmajärvi (North Karelia). The causes of the decline are variable like construction of railways and roads, but too often the reason has been in poor environmental administration, although the status of the species would have been well known. The losses of the localities in Hammarland, Tampere, Mäntsälä and Vantaa have to be included in this category. The strongest occurrences in Finland today are in Hanko (Uusimaa) and Tohmajärvi, with thousands of plants.

      The conservation of the species is challenging for several reasons. Firstly, it is disturbance dependent and only survives if the disturbance continues. The main disturbance is flooding. Secondly, wetland habitats typical to the species have been destroyed throughout its range, mostly in the west. Thirdly, Viola uliginosa is not an ANNEX IV species under the EU Habitats directive, which in practice has caused insufficient resources for protection. This is the case for example in Finland. The risk of extinction of Viola uliginosa in Finland is not imminent, but a new, more radical and dynamic conservation approach is clearly needed to maintain the plant in Finland. The first conservation programme for the species in Finland is under preparation in 2011.

      Kääntönen, M. 2011: Tähkämaitikan Valkeakosken Sääksmäen (EH) kasvupaikkojen seurannasta. – Lutukka 27(3): 88–94.
      Monitoring of disjunct populations of Melampyrum cristatum in Valkeakoski, South Finland

      The main distribution of the vulnerable (VU) Melampyrum cristatum in Finland is in the SW archipelago and near-by coastal areas. The few rare and disjunct inland occurrences in Valkeakoski (Sääksmäki), South Häme, have been monitored and managed since 1981. The management has included grazing by sheep, mowing, clearing and even burning. Especially in Ritvala – a locality of special cultural value – the species seems to have managed relatively well, though annual fluctuations in the population size have been extensive. Another locality at Cape Annilanniemi, known from the late 1800s, is at the risk of extinction after a rapid decline, in lack of appropriate management measures.

      Seaching the occurrences W of the Lake Vanajanselkä has almost been like a detective story. Earlier known localities have not been found anymore and some populations seem to have temporarily (?) disappeared – but also one new tiny population has been uncovered. In 2011, the total counted number of Melampyrum cristatum plants in all the known localities in Valkeakoski was 363.


      Numero 4/2011
      • Suominen, J.: Kateeksi käy – vai käykö kuitenkaan, s. 98
      • Hallman, J.: Kasviharrastajat Ahvenanmaan kasviparatiisissa, s. 99–104
      • Uotila, P.: Keltaohdake Suomessa, s. 105–115
      • Salmia, A.: Uhanalainen sarjatalvikki kirjallisuudessa ja Tammelan Kaukolanharjulla, s. 116–122
      • Juutinen, R.: Sammaltyöryhmä tiedottaa, s. 122
      • Kämäräinen, H.: Kesäretket Lahden ratapihalle kannattavat edelleen, s. 123–125

      Kasvihavaintoja

      • Ryttäri, T. & Väre, H.: Merivehnä Hangossa (U), s. 126

      Summaries (in English)

      Hallman, J. 2011: Kasviharrastajat Ahvenanmaan kasviparatiisissa. – Lutukka 27(4): 99–104.
      Annual meeting of Finnish botanists and conservation authorities in 2011

      The annual meeting of Finnish botanists and conservation authorities was arranged in Åland 9.–12. June 2011. The seminar was held at Övernäsgården in Mariehamn. Most of the time was used for excursions to interesting localities in the municipalities of Mariehamn, Lemland, Jomala, Sund and Vårdö. A lot of rare and threatened plants and a wide range of habitats like herb rich forests, pollard meadows, Baltic coastal meadows, seminatural dry grasslands and old natural forest were seen. The excursions were guided by Carl-Adam and Eeva Hæggström.

      Uotila, P. 2011: Keltaohdake Suomessa. – Lutukka 27(4): 105–115.
      Cirsium oleraceum in Finland

      Cirsium oleraceum is known from one obviously indigenous locality in Åland Islands in a spring-fed rich forest slope and along ca. 700 m long ditch margin between the forest and a cultivated field. Based on this population, the species has been classified as vulnerable in Finland. Other findings from Finland are clearly introduced but often established for years or decades. There are many polemochorous finds from harbour places of the Bothnian Bay and war time camps. Some populations, well established along moist meadows, field margins, ditches, lake shores and sparse woods, have their origin in sowing of seeds by some amateur botanists interested in rare plants, or they have escaped from gardens. Several recent findings are from banks of new highways, and from places where imported Russian and Baltic timber has been stored.

      Salmia, A. 2011: Uhanalainen sarjatalvikki kirjallisuudessa ja Tammelan Kaukolanharjulla. – Lutukka 27(4): 116–122.
      The endangered Chimaphila umbellata – a review

      Chimaphila umbellata is an evergreen dwarf shrub. It is widely distributed mainly over the northern parts of Eurasia and North America. In Fennoscandia, it grows in conifer forests. It is a continental plant and prefers open sunny Scots pine forest. It is a weak competitor against Vaccinium myrtillus and Picea abies. It flowers in July and produces large amount of tiny seeds in September. The species has become endangered (EN) in Sweden and Norway and is classified as near threatened (NT) in Finland and Denmark. In one of its habitats in Finland (Kaukolanharju, Tammela municipality in South Häme) it has been known for over 150 years. Most of the more than 200 shoots found in 2011 were on the warm SW side of the esker. The habitat may be threatened due to overgrowing by P. abies and V. myrtillus.

      Kämäräinen, H. 2011: Kesäretket Lahden ratapihalle kannattavat edelleen. – Lutukka 27(4): 123–125.
      Additions to the flora of the railway yard at Lahti, south Finland

      Some additions and updates are given to the railway yard flora of Lahti town (Kämäräinen 2010). Two new species – Filago arvensis and Potentilla thuringiaca – were recorded, whereas Lappula squarrosa and Trifolium campestre seem to have disappeared.

      Floristic notes – Lutukka 27(4): 126.

      • Elytrigia juncea ssp. boreali-atlantica was found in Täcktom, Hanko in 2011, as new to the mainland of Finland and the biogeographical province of Uusimaa. It was growing as a thin colony in c. one hundred square meters on the seaward side of a seashore dune, accompanied by Ammophila arenaria and the hybrid E. juncea × Elymus (Elytrigia) repens. The hybrid was found in Hanko already in 1877, as a native introduction independent of the parental species. The first record of E. juncea ssp. boreali-atlantica was made in Finland in 1939. The species has been classified as vulnerable (VU) in Finland. – Terhi Ryttäri & Henry Väre

       

       
      28.12.2023